Informative Speech free essay sample

What if a speaker had an important topic that they needed to get across to their audience? How would the speaker go about It and what type of speech would the speaker choose. Well chapter 13 contents the creative process for Informative speaking. What informative speaking is how to choose a focused informative topic, how to conduct a research and informative outline? The chapter also contains how to organize the body, introduction, and conclusion of the informative speech. Lastly chapter 13 contents explain how to prepare to present the speech and evaluate and informative speech.In order to make a well Informative speech the speaker needs to be logical and purposeful. There are five steps to achieve a well-spoken speech. The first step Is starting, then researching, next is creating, presenting, and listening and evaluating. Part of starting a informative speech will be knowing what an informative speech is. The informative speech is giving audience completely new knowledge, skills, or understanding about a topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As well increases current knowledge, skills, or understanding.Most informative speeches also describe, explain, or Instruct. An Inform speech can also report. Next the way that a speaker starts their speech Is getting to know the audience and situation. By knowing the place a speaker will most likely be able to determine what subject to speak on. The audience will let the speaker know what Information to give base on culture, ideals, and different traits. When figuring this out the next step for a speaker is to create an idea bank. This is Just a list of broad ideas that could describe, explain, or demonstrate.The way to create an idea bank Is use a sheet of paper In order to free associate, evaluate the speech assignment or speaking event or clues, and then make a list of potential topics that lean toward a specific purpose. From there just narrow the topic down to something that fits the audience and place. Now that the speaker has chosen the topic the speaker needs to determine if the informative speech is going to describe, explain, or instruct. Finally choose the specific purpose and central idea.These two help the speaker stay on topic while giving the audience the objective for the speech. Now that the speaker has figured out what type of speech they want to present they can create a working outline. The outline should take a few minutes to construct. This will guide the speaker research. Now the working outline is only a rough outline. In this outline the speaker might use question for the main points and later use sentences for the preparation outline. After the working outline is complete the speaker is ready to conduct research.When researching the speaker wants to find material the will make the audience want to listen and learn. The speaker should select material that have a language level appropriate, something that will interest the audience, and if the topic is employ make sure to find multiple perspectives and means because everyone learns differently. The speaker should use the internet, library, newspapers, magazines, and personal knowledge in order to create their speech. Now that the speaker knows the topic it Is time for them to construct the will typically end with a source page.When making the outline a speaker needs to know how to organize the body of an informative speech. First the speaker needs to understand that an informative speech utilize chronological, topical, spatial, imperative, order of intensity, problem-solution, or causal strategy. Next a speaker must commit to a strategy and construct main points. Finally the speaker should organize the support materials. The way to organize the material will be under a point or sub point depending on the strategy being used. When preparing to present the speech a speaker must consider what language to use.Language is important because it creates meaning, helps the audience learn and remember, and if the language creates pictures some people can learn better that way. Next the speaker needs to look at their delivery and practice. Since different people learn in different ways a presentation aid can help build redundancy, gain and keep the audiences attention, summarize large portion of information, and build credibility. Lastly the speaker souls evaluate an informative speech. The way to do this is listen effectively, evaluate the message that the speaker was trying to get across and evaluate the presentation.Discussion Chapter 13 provides the students with information about how to develop an effective informative speech. By knowing your audience and their situation, you will be able to pick an informative topic beneficial and appropriate to your class. It also allows the speaker to get an idea of how their audience will react, and what questions they need to prepare for the after-speech discussion session. Knowing the situation also allows them to decide how to set up their presentation to fit the environment. Question Explain the five steps to the creative process for informative speaking? Explain the different categorize of informative Informative Speech free essay sample The time and hard work put into building this fantastical must be recognized. In this speech I will take you on a magical journey through the history making and development of this ravishing park. In 1964 Walt Disney began secretly buying millions Of dollars worth Of Central Florida farmland (History). The amount of land purchased ranges from five thousand acres to twenty thousand acres at a time. They were sold a remarkably high prices. Many thought the person buying this land was Howard Hughes while others thought it was the space program (History).For this large piece of land, Mr.. Disney had a vision, he wanted it to be the place where everyone would come and never grow up. He wanted an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow He wanted to Plus It! , or make it better than Disneyland in California (Theme park History: A Short History of Walt). When other entrepreneurs found out (owners of hotel chains and restaurants) they started buying spots near and around the site for the soon to be Disney World. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They all wanted in on the great riches that would be earned from the anxious visitors to this Fantasy Land.Walt Disney died on December 15th 1966, 5 years before the opening of his park. But, his brother, Roy O. Disney continued his vision of Disney World. The building of the park was a two year construction effort that employed nine thousand people. The total cost of this project by its October 1 971 opening was 400 million dollars. By the end of the first two years after the opening of the Magic Kingdom, thirteen thousand people were employed and over twenty million visited the park. (History) Other parks and attractions started moving near the park too.Swearword, an aquatic based park, came around in about the year 1973. As the things around it continued to grow, so did Disney World. The production and building rates were faster than ever. PEPCO, also known as the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow, was added in 1987 and Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney Hollow. Todd Studios) was also added as a plus it! in 1989 (History). The jungle based park, Animal Kingdom, was then added. This park had animal themed attractions that drew in many young children and teens.In 1990, Universal Studios opened its doors. This park expanded Disney even more, bringing in more visitors, which led to more money for more attractions. The new money earned built Islands of Adventure, a second theme park including attractions dedicated to Dry. Issues, Marvel comics, and Jurassic Park (History). These two parks were focused on different movies, shows, or characters, either under the Disney Company or other big name companies linked to Disney. Fast forward to September 1 1, 2001.This is the day the planes crashed Into the twin towers, or 9/1 1 as most call it. This devastating attack impacted Disney and other tourism places greatly. The attack brought down the ours economy drastically, money was very short and building slowed. Many were afraid to travel so that meant less visitors to the attractions. This major disinflation in the economy lasted for two years. Right after these two years three hurricanes hit Central Florida. This continued the disinflation in the tourist economy.This also closed Cypress Creek but it was soon after rebuilt as LEGEND, which was preparing for its debut on March 20th (History). Nevertheless, the building continued, more attractions were being added to the different parks, from Fear Factor at Swearword, to Soaring Over California at PEPCO. Animal Kingdom also added a ride in 2006 called Expedition Everest, a ride based on Mount Everest, showing you what its like to go down the great mountain. A year after this, the famous Castle from Cinderella was unveiled.This attracted many small children, some were even lucky enough to be able to stay a night in the famous Castle. The Castle is located in the middle of the Magic Kingdom, where you are very likely to meet Cinderella and the Prince. While building the park, the engineers, or builders at Disney World came up with the hidden Mackey game. While walking through the park you must count the amount of hidden Mackey heads you find in the park. They can be hidden in the shapes of walls food, plants, etc.This game has been played for many years by visitors of all ages. It started out as a joke to the engineers as they were building and thinking up new technology, it made the job even more interesting and fun than it already was. Building the attractions took a lot of work and thought. The engineers had to think of different means of technology needed to accomplish their goal. They also had to think of the efferent Disney stories and themes and how they would be incorporated in the different attractions and rides at the park.There were many long hours of thought and precision put into the building and engineering of this wonderful park, it did not just come from a few doodles. All in All, Disney World has been through a lot since its debut in the year 1 971. From its original founder, Walt Disney, passing to the disinflation in the tourist economy Disney still managed to hold up. From this bad also came good, Roy Disney saw many more opportunities for Disney World and after the inflation, more rides and attractions were added, and some still are being added and thought up at this very moment. Informative Speech free essay sample Once the push bar of the scooter-like contraption was broken off, skateboarding was born. No one really know who invented the first skateboard because at the time in the 1950s a lot of people had the same idea and a lot of people were coming out with their own versions of a skateboard. Know a day’s there are a lot of different types of skateboards there is the regular short board it has a concave body style they use them to do difficult tricks and you see a lot of people doing stunts on them. Then there is the long board its another version of a skateboard and its longer they give you the feeling of gliding like your surfing their basically surf boards on wheels that you can use on land and then we also have what we call the slalom boards those are what a lot of racers use they can go up to 30 and 40 m/h and then their is electric boards their battery based so if you don’t want to push or do anything but steer the skateboard you have that option know. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ever since skateboarding was invented it has been through a lot of ups and downs in the beginning it was a huge success until about 1965 a slew of so-called safety experts pronounced skateboarding unsafe because of its rough body style and the fact they used clay for the wheels so there were a lot of accidents then in 1973 the urethane wheel was invented revolutionizing the sport. The new wheels provided much better traction and speed and, combined with the new skateboard specific trucks; it allowed skaters to push the difficulty of maneuvers to new levels. Tricks at this time consisted of surfing maneuvers done on flat ground or on banks. Then in 1976 Alan Gelfand, nicknamed Ollie, was the one who invented the Ollie an Ollie consist of a gentle rising of the nose and scooping motion to keep the board with the feet. The purpose and functionality of a skateboard at first it was used for recreational uses and fun but know with the high gas prizes a lot of people are using them for close proximity transportation and you can actually work as a professional skater. Today a pro can make anywhere from $1,000 to $10,000 a month. These earning are based on winnings, depending on how well a skater places in any given competition and how many competitions a skater competes. I hope this speech has informed you about the history and variations of skateboards as well as its functionality and purposes. Informative Speech free essay sample What if a speaker had an important topic that they needed to get across to their audience? How would the speaker go about it and what type of speech would the speaker choose. Well chapter 13 contents the creative process for informative speaking. What informative speaking is how to choose a focused informative topic, how to conduct a research and informative outline? The chapter also contains how to organize the body, introduction, and conclusion of the informative speech. Lastly chapter 13 contents explain how to prepare to present the speech and evaluate and informative speech. In order to make a well informative speech the speaker needs to be logical and purposeful. There are five steps to achieve a well-spoken speech. The first step is starting, then researching, next is creating, presenting, and listening and evaluating. Part of starting a informative speech will be knowing what an informative speech is. The informative speech is giving audience completely new knowledge, skills, or understanding about a topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page as well increases current knowledge, skills, or understanding. Most informative speeches also describe, explain, or instruct. An inform speech can also report. Next the way that a speaker starts their speech is getting to know the audience and situation. By knowing the place a speaker will most likely be able to determine what subject to speak on. The audience will let the speaker know what information to give base on culture, ideals, and different traits. When figuring this out the next step for a speaker is to create an idea bank. This is just a list of broad ideas that could describe, explain, or demonstrate. The way to create an idea bank is use a sheet of paper in order to free associate, evaluate the speech assignment or speaking event for clues, and then make a list of potential topics that lean toward a specific purpose. From there just narrow the topic down to something that fits the audience and place. Now that the speaker has chosen the topic the speaker needs to determine if the informative speech is going to describe, explain, or instruct. Finally choose the specific purpose and central idea. These two help the speaker stay on topic while giving the audience the objective for the speech. Now that the speaker has figured out what type of speech they want to present they can create a working outline. The outline should take a few minutes to construct. This will guide the speaker research. Now the working outline is only a rough outline. In this outline the speaker might use question for the main points and later use sentences for the preparation outline. After the working outline is complete the speaker is ready to conduct research. When researching the speaker wants to find material the will make the audience want to listen and learn. The speaker should select material that have a language level appropriate, something that will interest the audience, and if the topic is complex make sure to find multiple perspectives and means because everyone learns differently. The speaker should use the internet, library, newspapers, magazines, and personal knowledge in order to create their speech. Now that the speaker knows the topic it is time for them to construct the informative outline. This outline is structured and includes complete sentences and will typically end with a source page. When making the outline a speaker needs to know how to organize the body of an informative speech. first the speaker needs to understand that an informative speech utilize chronological, topical, spatial, comparative, order of intensity, problem-solution, or causal strategy. Next a speaker must commit to a strategy and construct main points. Finally the speaker should organize the support materials. The way to organize the material will be under a point or sub point depending on the strategy being used. When preparing to present the speech a speaker must consider what language to use. Language is important because it creates meaning, helps the audience learn and remember, and if the language creates pictures some people can learn better that way. Next the speaker needs to look at their delivery and practice. Since different people learn in different ways a presentation aid can help build redundancy, gain and keep the audience’s attention, summarize large portion of information, and build credibility. Lastly the speaker sould evaluate an informative speech. the way to do this is listen effectively, evaluate the message that the speaker was trying to get across and evaluate the presentation. Discussion Chapter 13 provides the students with information about how to develop an effective informative speech. By knowing your audience and their situation, you will be able to pick an informative topic beneficial and appropriate to your class. It also allows the speaker to get an idea of how their audience will react, and what questions they need to prepare for the after-speech discussion session. Knowing the situation also allows them to decide how to set up their presentation to fit the environment. Question Explain the five steps to the creative process for informative speaking? Explain the different categorize of informative

AP Lit Vocab Essays

AP Lit Vocab Essays AP Lit Vocab Paper AP Lit Vocab Paper Essay Topic: A Raisin in the Sun A. E. Housman Poems Anne Sexton Poems Christina Rossetti Poems Elizabeth Bishop Poems Ezra Pound Poems George Herbert Poems Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Poems Jonathan Swift Poems Keats Poems and Letters Lycidas Phillis Wheatley Poems Poes Poetry Poes Short Stories Poetry Seamus Heaney Poems The Complete Poems of William Blake The Convergence Of the Twain The Faerie Queene The Poetry of Dh Lawrence The Poetry Of Robert Penn Warren The Rime of the Ancient Mariner The Sonnets of John Milton Thomas Gray Poems Thomas Hardy Poems Wallace Stevens Poems William Carlos Williams Poems Accentual Verse Verse whose meter is determined by the number of stressed (accented) syllables- regardless of the total number of syllables- in each line. Many Old English poems, including Beowulf, are accentual; see Ezra Pounds modern translation of The Seafarer. More recently, Richard Wilbur employed this same Anglo-Saxon meter in his poem Junk. Traditional nursery rhymes, such as Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, are often accentual. Accentual-Syllabic Verse Verse whose meter is determined by the number and alternation of its stressed and unstressed syllables, organized into feet. From line to line, the number of stresses (accents) may vary, but the total number of syllables within each line is fixed. The majority of English poems from the Renaissance to the 19th century are written according to this metrical system. Alexandrine In English, a 12-syllable iambic line adapted from French heroic verse. The last line of each stanza in Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain and Percy Bysshe Shelleys To a Skylark is an alexandrine. Allegory An extended metaphor in which the characters, places, and objects in a narrative carry figurative meaning. Often an allegorys meaning is religious, moral, or historical in nature. John Bunyans The Pilgrims Progress and Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene are two major allegorical works in English. Alliteration The repetition of initial stressed, consonant sounds in a series of words within a phrase or verse line. Alliteration need not reuse all initial consonants; pizza and place alliterate. Example: We saw the sea sound sing, we heard the salt sheet tell, from Dylan Thomass Lie Still, Sleep Becalmed. Browse poems with alliteration. Allusion A brief, intentional reference to a historical, mythic, or literary person, place, event, or movement. The Waste Land, T. S. Eliots influential long poem is dense with allusions. The title of Seamus Heaneys autobiographical poem Singing School alludes to a line from W.B. Yeatss Sailing to Byzantium (Nor is there singing school but studying /Monuments of its own magnificence). Browse poems with allusions. Anapest A metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by an accented syllable. The words underfoot and overcome are anapestic. Lord Byrons The Destruction of Sennacherib is written in anapestic meter. Anaphora The repetition of a word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines. See Paul Muldoons As, William Blakes The Tyger, or much of Walt Whitmans poetry, including I Sing the Body Electric. Anthropomorphism A form of personification in which human qualities are attributed to anything inhuman, usually a god, animal, object, or concept. In Vachel Lindsays What the Rattlesnake Said, for example, a snake describes the fears of his imagined prey. John Keats admires a stars loving watchfulness (with eternal lids apart) in his sonnet Bright Star, Would I Were as Steadfast as Thou Art. Apostrophe An address to a dead or absent person, or personification as if he or she were present. In his Holy Sonnet Death, be not proud, John Donne denies deaths power by directly admonishing it. Emily Dickinson addresses her absent object of passion in Wild nights!- Wild nights! Archetype A basic model from which copies are made; a prototype. According to psychologist Carl Jung, archetypes emerge in literature from the collective unconscious of the human race. Northrop Frye, in his Anatomy of Criticism, explores archetypes as the symbolic patterns that recur within the world of literature itself. In both approaches, archetypical themes include birth, death, sibling rivalry, and the individual versus society. Archetypes may also be images or characters, such as the hero, the lover, the wanderer, or the matriarch. Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds without repeating consonants; sometimes called vowel rhyme. See Amy Lowells In a Garden (With its leaping, and deep, cool murmur) or The Taxi (And shout into the ridges of the wind). Browse poems with assonance. Aubade A love poem or song welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn. The form originated in medieval France. See John Donnes The Sun Rising and Louise Bogans Leave-Taking. Browse more aubade poems. Ballad A popular narrative song passed down orally. In the English tradition, it usually follows a form of rhymed (abcb) quatrains alternating fours of this literary ballad form include John Keatss La Belle Dame sans Merci, Thomas Hardys During Wind and Rain, and Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee. Browse more ballads. Blank verse Unrhyming iambic pentameter, also called heroic verse. This 10-syllable line is the predominant rhythm of traditional English dramatic and epic poetry, as it is considered the closest to English speech patterns. Poems such as John Miltons Paradise Lost, Robert Brownings dramatic monologues, and Wallace Stevenss Sunday Morning, are written predominantly in blank verse. Browse more blank verse poems. Cacophony Harsh or discordant word sounds; the opposite of euphony. See dissonance. Cadence The patterning of rhythm in natural speech, or in poetry without a distinct meter (i.e., free verse). Caesura A stop or pause in a metrical line, often marked by punctuation or by a grammatical boundary, such as a phrase or clause. A medial caesura splits the line in equal parts, as is common in Old English poetry (see Beowulf). Medial caesurae (plural of caesura) can be found throughout contemporary poet Derek Walcotts The Bounty. When the pause occurs toward the beginning or end of the line, it is termed, respectively, initial or terminal. Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Mother and Poet contains both initial (Dead! One of them shot by sea in the east) and terminal caesurae (No voice says My mother again to me. What?) Canon A list of authors or works considered to be central to the identity of a given literary tradition or culture. This secular use of the word is derived from its original meaning as a listing of all authorized books in the Bible. William Shakespeare, John Milton, and William Blake are frequently found on lists of canonical literature in English. Canto A long subsection of an epic or long narrative poem, such as Dante Alighieris Commedia (The Divine Comedy), first employed in English by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene. Other examples include Lord Byrons Don Juan and Ezra Pounds Cantos. Chiasmus Repetition of any group of verse elements (including rhyme and grammatical structure) in reverse order, such as the rhyme scheme ABBA. Examples can be found in Biblical scripture (But many that are first / Shall be last, / And many that are last / Shall be first; Matthew 19:30). See also John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn (Beauty is truth, truth beauty). Circumlocution A roundabout wording, such as Samuel Taylor Coleridges twice five miles of fertile ground (i.e., 10 miles) in Kubla Khan. Also known as periphrasis. Common Measure A quatrain that rhymes ABAB and alternates four-stress and three-stress iambic lines. It is the meter of the hymn and the ballad. Many of Emily Dickinsons poems are written in common measure, including [It was not death, for I stood up]. See also Robert Haydens The Ballad of Nat Turner and Elinor Wylies A Crowded Trolley Car. See also Poulters measure and fourteener. Browse more common measure poems. Complaint A poem of lament, often directed at an ill-fated love, as in Henry Howards Complaint of the Absence of Her Love Being upon the Sea, or Sir Philip Sidneys Astrophel and Stella XXXI. A complaint may also be a satiric attack on social injustice and immorality; in The Lie, Sir Walter Ralegh bitterly rails against institutional hypocrisy and human vanity (Tell men of high condition, / That manage the estate, / Their purpose is ambition, / Their practice only hate.). Conceit From the Latin term for concept, a poetic conceit is an often unconventional, logically complex, or surprising metaphor whose delights are more intellectual than sensual. Petrarchan (after the Italian poet Petrarch) conceits figure heavily in sonnets, and contrast more conventional sensual imagery to describe the experience of love. In Shakespeares Sonnet XCVII: How like a Winter hath my Absence been, for example, What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! laments the lover, though his separation takes place in the fertile days of summer and fall. Less conventional, more esoteric associations characterize the metaphysical conceit. John Donne and other so-called metaphysical poets [link to glossary term] used conceits to fuse the sensory and the abstract, trading on the element of surprise and unlikeness to hold the readers attention. In A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, for instance, John Donne envisions two entwined lovers as the points of a compass. (For more on Donnes conceits, see Stephen Burts Poem Guide on John Donnes The Sun Rising.) Concrete poetry Verse that emphasizes nonlinguistic elements in its meaning, such as a typeface that creates a visual image of the topic. Examples include George Herberts Easter Wings and The Altar and George Starbucks Poem in the Shape of a Potted Christmas Tree. Browse more concrete poems. Confessional poetry Vividly self-revelatory verse associated with a number of American poets writing in the 1950s and 1960s, including Robert Lowell, W.D. Snodgrass, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and John Berryman. The term was first used by M.L. Rosenthal in a 1959 review of Life Studies, the collection in which Robert Lowell revealed his struggles with mental illness and a troubled marriage. Read an interview with Snodgrass in which he addresses his work and the work of others associated with confessionalism. Browse more poets who wrote confessional poems. Connotation there was a connotation of distrust in his voice: overtone, undertone, undercurrent, implication, hidden meaning, nuance, hint, echo, vibrations, association, intimation, suggestion, suspicion, insinuation. Consonance A resemblance in sound between two words, or an initial rhyme (see also Alliteration). Consonance can also refer to shared consonants, whether in sequence (bed and bad) or reversed (bud and dab). Browse poems with consonance. Controlling metaphor controlling metaphors: Metaphors that dominate or organize an entire poem. For example, metaphors of movement structure John Donne ´s A Valediction Forbidding Mourning (1633). couplet couplet: A pair of lines, almost always rhyming, that form a unit. dactyl A metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables; the words poetry and basketball are both dactylic. Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade is written in dactylic meter. (See also double dactyl.) dead metaphor A dead metaphor is a metaphor which has lost the original imagery of its meaning owing to extensive, repetitive popular usage. flowerbed head teacher forerunner to run for office to lose face to lend a hand to broadcast pilot originally meant the rudder of a boat. flair originally meant a sweet smell. a computer mouse denotation denotation: The direct and literal meaning of a word or phrase (as distinct from its implication). Compare connotation. dimeter A line of verse composed of two feet. Some go local / Some go express / Some cant wait / To answer Yes, writes Muriel Rukeyser in her poem Yes, in which the dimeter line predominates. Kay Ryans Blandeur contains this series of mostly dimeter lines: Even out Earths rondure, flatten Eiger, blanden the Grand Canyon. Make valleys slightly higher, widen fissures to arable land, remand your terrible glaciers dirge A brief hymn or song of lamentation and grief; it was typically composed to be performed at a funeral. In lyric poetry, a dirge tends to be shorter and less meditative than an elegy. See Christina Rossettis A Dirge and Sir Philip Sidneys Ring Out Your Bells. dissonance A disruption of harmonic sounds or rhythms. Like cacophony, it refers to a harsh collection of sounds; dissonance is usually intentional, however, and depends more on the organization of sound for a jarring effect, rather than on the unpleasantness of individual words. Gerard Manley Hopkinss use of fixed stresses and variable unstressed syllables, combined with frequent assonance, consonance, and monosyllabic words, has a dissonant effect. See these lines from Carrion Comfort: Why? That my chaff might fly; my grain lie, sheer and clear. Nay in all that toil, that coil, since (seems) I kissed the rod, Hand rather, my heart lo! lapped strength, stole joy, would laugh, cheer. doggerel Bad verse traditionally characterized by clichà ©s, clumsiness, and irregular meter. It is often unintentionally humorous. The giftedly bad William McGonagall was an accomplished doggerelist, as demonstrated in The Tay Bridge Disaster: It must have been an awful sight, To witness in the dusky moonlight, While the Storm Fiend did laugh, and angry did bray, Along the Railway Bridge of the Silvry Tay, Oh! ill-fated Bridge of the Silvry Tay, I must now conclude my lay By telling the world fearlessly without the least dismay, That your central girders would not have given way, At least many sensible men do say, Had they been supported on each side with buttresses, At least many sensible men confesses, For the stronger we our houses do build, The less chance we have of being killed. dramatic monologue A poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader. Examples include Robert Brownings My Last Duchess, T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, and Ais Killing Floor. A lyric may also be addressed to someone, but it is short and songlike and may appear to address either the reader or the poet. Browse more dramatic monologue poems. elegy In traditional English poetry, it is often a melancholy poem that laments its subjects death but ends in consolation. Examples include John Miltons Lycidas; Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam; and Walt Whitmans When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd. More recently, Peter Sacks has elegized his father in Natal Command, and Mary Jo Bang has written You Were You Are Elegy and other poems for her son. In the 18th century the elegiac stanza emerged, though its use has not been exclusive to elegies. It is a quatrain with the rhyme scheme ABAB written in iambic pentameter. Browse more elegies. elision The omission of unstressed syllables (e.g., ere for ever, tother for the other), usually to fit a metrical scheme. What dire offence from amrous causes springs, goes the first line of Alexander Popes The Rape of the Lock, in which amorous is elided to amrous to establish the pentameter (five-foot) line. ellipsis In poetry, the omission of words whose absence does not impede the readers ability to understand the expression. For example, Shakespeare makes frequent use of the phrase I will away in his plays, with the missing verb understood to be go. T.S. Eliot employs ellipsis in the following passage from Preludes: You curled the papers from your hair, Or clasped the yellow soles of feet In the palms of both soiled hands. The possessive your is left out in the second and third lines, but it can be assumed that the woman addressed by the speaker is clasping the soles of her own feet with her own hands. end-stopped A metrical line ending at a grammatical boundary or break- such as a dash or closing parenthesis- or with punctuation such as a colon, a semicolon, or a period. A line is considered end-stopped, too, if it contains a complete phrase. Many of Alexander Popes couplets are end-stopped, as in this passage from An Essay on Man: Epistle I: Then say not mans imperfect, Heavn in fault; Say rather, mans as perfect as he ought: His knowledge measurd to his state and place, His time a moment, and a point his space. If to be perfect in a certain sphere, What matter, soon or late, or here or there? The blest today is as completely so, As who began a thousand years ago. The opposite of an end-stopped line is an enjambed line. enjambment The running-over of a sentence or phrase from one poetic line to the next, without terminal punctuation; the opposite of end-stopped. William Carlos Williamss Between Walls is one sentence broken into 10 enjambed lines: the back wings of the hospital where nothing will grow lie cinders in which shine the broken pieces of a green bottle epic A long narrative poem in which a heroic protagonist engages in an action of great mythic or historical significance. Notable English epics include Beowulf, Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene (which follows the virtuous exploits of 12 knights in the service of the mythical King Arthur), and John Miltons Paradise Lost, which dramatizes Satans fall from Heaven and humankinds subsequent alienation from God in the Garden of Eden. epigram A pithy, often witty, poem. See Walter Savage Landors Dirce, [link to archived poem] Ben Jonsons On Gut, [link to archived poem] or much of the work of J.V. Cunningham [link to poet page]: This Humanist whom no beliefs constrained Grew so broad-minded he was scatter-brained. epigraph A quotation from another literary work that is placed beneath the title at the beginning of a poem or section of a poem. For example, Grace Schulmans American Solitude opens with a quote from an essay by Marianne Moore. Lines from Phillis Wheatleys On Being Brought from Africa to America preface Alfred Corns Sugar Cane. epitaph A short poem intended for (or imagined as) an inscription on a tombstone and often serving as a brief elegy. See Robert Herricks Upon a Child That Died and Upon Ben Jonson; Ben Jonsons Epitaph on Elizabeth, L. H.; and Epitaph for a Romantic Woman by Louise Bogan. figure of speech An expressive, nonliteral use of language. Figures of speech include tropes (such as hyperbole, irony, metaphor, and simile) and schemes (anything involving the ordering and organizing of words- anaphora, antithesis, and chiasmus, for example). Browse all terms related to figures of speech. figurative language Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you are using figurative language. Simile A simile uses the words like or as to compare one object or idea with another to suggest they are alike. Example: busy as a bee Metaphor The metaphor states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use of comparison. A simile would say you are like something; a metaphor is more positive it says you are something. Example: You are what you eat. Personification A figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an animal or an object. Example: My teddy bear gave me a hug. Alliteration The repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds in a series of words. Alliteration includes tongue twisters. Example: She sells seashells by the seashore. Onomatopoeia The use of a word to describe or imitate a natural sound or the sound made by an object or an action. Example: snap crackle pop Hyperbole An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true. Tall tales are hyperboles. Example: He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all. Idioms According to Websters Dictionary, an idiom is defined as: peculiar to itself either grammatically (as no, it wasnt me) or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements. Example: Monday week for the Monday a week after next Monday Clichà ©s A clichà © is an expression that has been used so often that it has become trite and sometimes boring. Example: Many hands make light work. foot The basic unit of measurement of accentual-syllabic meter. A foot usually contains one stressed syllable and at least one unstressed syllable. The standard types of feet in English poetry are the iamb, trochee, dactyl, anapest, spondee, and pyrrhic (two unstressed syllables) found poem A prose text or texts reshaped by a poet into quasi-metrical lines. Fragments of found poetry may appear within an original poem as well. Portions of Ezra Pounds Cantos are found poetry, culled from historical letters and government documents. Charles Olson created his poem There Was a Youth whose Name Was Thomas Granger using a report from William Bradfords History of Plymouth Plantation. free verse Nonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech. A regular pattern of sound or rhythm may emerge in free-verse lines, but the poet does not adhere to a metrical plan in their composition. Matthew Arnold and Walt Whitman explored the possibilities of nonmetrical poetry in the 19th century. Since the early 20th century, the majority of published lyric poetry has been written in free verse. See the work of William Carlos Williams, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and H.D. Browse more free-verse poems. haiku A Japanese verse form of three unrhyming lines in five, seven, and five syllables. It creates a single, memorable image, as in these lines by Kobayashi Issa, translated by Jane Hirshfield: On a branch floating downriver a cricket, singing. (In translating from Japanese to English, Hirshfield compresses the number of syllables.) See also Three Haiku, Two Tanka by Philip Appleman and Robert Hasss After the Gentle Poet Kobayashi Issa. The Imagist poets of the early 20th century, including Ezra Pound and H.D., showed appreciation for the forms linguistic and sensory economy; Pounds In a Station of the Metro embodies the spirit of haiku. Browse more haiku. heptameter A meter made up of seven feet and usually 14 syllables total (see Fourteener). George Chapmans translation of Homers the Iliad is written in heptameter, as is Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee. See also Poulters measure. hexameter A metrical line of six feet, most often dactylic, and found in Classical Latin or Greek poetry, including Homers Iliad. In English, an iambic hexameter line is also known as an alexandrine. Only a few poets have written in dactylic hexameter, including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in the long poem Evangeline: hymn A poem praising God or the divine, often sung. In English, the most popular hymns were written between the 17th and 19th centuries. See Isaac Wattss Our God, Our Help, Charles Wesleys My God! I Know, I Feel Thee Mine, and Thou Hidden Love of God by John Wesley. hyperbole A figure of speech composed of a striking exaggeration. For example, see James Tates lines She scorched you with her radiance or He was more wronged than Job. Hyperbole usually carries the force of strong emotion iamb A metrical foot consisting of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. The words unite and provide are both iambic. It is the most common meter of poetry in English (including all the plays and poems of William Shakespeare), as it is closest to the rhythms of English speech. In Robert Frosts After Apple Picking the iamb is the vehicle for the natural, colloquial speech pattern: My long two-pointed ladders sticking through a tree Toward heaven still, And theres a barrel that I didnt fill Beside it, and there may be two or three Apples I didnt pick upon some bough. But I am done with apple-picking now. Essence of winter sleep is on the night, The scent of apples: I am drowsing off. imagery (sensory) Describing words! internal rhyme In poetry, internal rhyme, or middle rhyme, is rhyme that occurs within a single line of verse.[1] irony As a literary device, irony implies a distance between what is said and what is meant. Based on the context, the reader is able to see the implied meaning in spite of the contradiction. When William Shakespeare relates in detail how his lover suffers in comparison with the beauty of nature in My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun, it is understood that he is elevating her beyond these comparisons; considering her essence as a whole, and what she means to the speaker, she is more beautiful than nature. (titantic beauty vs. worms) italian sonnet Italian sonnet: An octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines); typically rhymed abbaabba cdecde, it has many variations that still reflect the basic division into two parts separated by a rhetorical turn of argument (e.g., see Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Sonnets from the Portuguese [1850]). lyric poetry Lyric poems typically express personal or emotional feelings and is traditionally the home of the present tense.[1] They have specific rhyming schemes and are often, but not always, set to music or a beat lyricism An artists expression of emotion in an imaginative and beautiful way; the quality of being lyrical. kenning A figurative compound word that takes the place of an ordinary noun. It is found frequently in Old Germanic, Norse, and English poetry, including The Seafarer, in which the ocean is called a whale-path. (See Ezra Pounds translation) light verse Whimsical poems taking forms such as limericks, nonsense poems, and double dactyls. See Edward Lears The Owl and the Pussy-Cat and Lewis Carrolls The Walrus and the Carpenter. Other masters of light verse include Dorothy Parker, G.K. Chesterton, John Hollander, and Wendy Cope. limerick A fixed light-verse form of five generally anapestic lines rhyming AABBA. Edward Lear, who popularized the form, fused the third and fourth lines into a single line with internal rhyme. Limericks are traditionally bawdy or just irreverent; see A Young Lady of Lynn or Lears There was an Old Man with a Beard. Browse more limericks. metaphor A comparison that is made directly (for example, John Keatss Beauty is truth, truth beauty from Ode on a Grecian Urn) or less directly (for example, Shakespeares marriage of two minds), but in any case without pointing out a similarity by using words such as like, as, or than. See Sylvia Plaths description of her dead father as Marble-heavy, a bag full of God in Daddy, or Emily Dickinsons Hope is the thing with feathers- / That perches in the soul- . Browse poems with developed metaphors. meter The rhythmical pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. The predominant meter in English poetry is accentual-syllabic. See also accentual meter, syllabic meter, and quantitative meter. Falling meter refers to trochees and dactyls (i.e., a stressed syllable followed by one or two unstressed syllables). Iambs and anapests (i.e., one or two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one) are called rising meter. See also foot. metonymy A figure of speech in which a related term is substituted for the word itself. Often the substitution is based on a material, causal, or conceptual relation between things. For example, the British monarchy is often referred to as the Crown. In the phrase lend me your ears, ears is substituted for attention. O, for a draught of vintage! exclaims the speaker in John Keatss Ode to Nightingale, with vintage understood to mean wine. Synecdoche is closely related to metonymy. motif A central or recurring image or action in a literary work that is shared by other works and may serve an overall theme. For example, the repeated questions of an ubi sunt poem compose a motif of the fleeting nature of life. Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and John Bunyans A Pilgrims Progress both feature the motif of a long journey. Motifs are sometimes described as expressions of a collective unconsciousness; see archetype. narrative poem Poetry that tells a story and is primarily characterized by linear, chronological description. negative capability A theory of John Keats, who suggested in one of his famous letters that a great thinker is capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason. A poet, then, has the power to bury self-consciousness, dwell in a state of openness to all experience, and identify with the object contemplated. See Keatss To Autumn. The inspirational power of beauty, according to Keats, is more important than the quest for objective fact; as he writes in his Ode on a Grecian Urn, Beauty is truth, truth beauty- that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. objective correlative T.S. Eliot used this phrase to describe a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion that the poet feels and hopes to evoke in the reader (Hamlet, 1919). There must be a positive connection between the emotion the poet is trying to express and the object, image, or situation in the poem that helps to convey that emotion to the reader. Eliot thus determined that Shakespeares play Hamlet was an artistic failure because Hamlets intense emotions overwhelmed the authors attempts to express them through an objective correlative. In other words, Eliot felt that Shakespeare was unable to provoke the audience to feel as Prince Hamlet did through images, actions, and characters, and instead only inadequately described his emotional state through the plays dialogue. Eliots theory of the objective correlative is closely related to the Imagist movement. objectivism A term coined by William Carlos Williams in 1930 that developed from his reading of Alfred North Whiteheads Science and the Modern World. He described it as looking at a poem with a special eye to its structural aspects, how it has been constructed. Louis Zukofsky expanded the term and attempted to articulate its principles when he guest-edited the February 1931 issue of Poetry. He included Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen, and Carl Rakosi. Later, the poet Lorine Niedecker was closely associated with this movement. These objectivist poets, Zukofsky noted, were Imagists rather than Symbolists; they were concerned with creating a poetic structure that could be perceived as a whole, rather than a series of imprecise but evocative images. For more on objectivism, read Peter OLearys feature, The Energies of Words. Browse Objectivist poets. occasional poem A poem written to describe or comment on a particular event and often written for a public reading. Alfred, Lord Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade commemorates a disastrous battle in the Crimean War. George Starbuck wrote Of Late after reading a newspaper account of a Vietnam War protesters suicide. Elizabeth Alexanders Praise Song for the Day was written for the inauguration of President Barack Obama. See also elegy, epithalamion, and ode. octave An eight-line stanza or poem. See ottava rima and triolet. The first eight lines of an Italian or Petrarchan sonnet are also called an octave. ode A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. Its stanza forms vary. The Greek or Pindaric (Pindar, ca. 552-442 B.C.E.) ode was a public poem, usually set to music, that celebrated athletic victories. (See Stephen Burts article And the Winner Is . . . Pindar!) English odes written in the Pindaric tradition include Thomas Grays The Progress of Poesy: A Pindaric Ode and William Wordsworths Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Reflections of Early Childhood. Horatian odes, after the Latin poet Horace (65-8 B.C.E.), were written in quatrains in a more philosophical, contemplative manner; see Andrew Marvells Horatian Ode upon Cromwells Return from Ireland. The Sapphic ode consists of quatrains, three 11-syllable lines, and a final five-syllable line, unrhyming but with a strict meter. See Algernon Charles Swinburnes Sapphics. The odes of the English Romantic poets vary in stanza form. They often address an intense emotion at the onset of a personal crisis (see Samuel Taylor Coleridges Dejection: An Ode,) or celebrate an object or image that leads to revelation (see John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, and To Autumn). Browse more odes. onomatopoeia A figure of speech in which the sound of a word imitates its sense (for example, choo-choo, hiss, or buzz). In Piano, D.H. Lawrence describes the boom of the tingling strings as his mother played the piano, mimicking the volume and resonance of the sound (boom) as well as the fine, high-pitched vibration of the strings that produced it (tingling strings) ottava rima Originally an Italian stanza of eight 11-syllable lines, with a rhyme scheme of ABABABCC. Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced the form in English, and Lord Byron adapted it to a 10-syllable line for his mock-epic Don Juan. W.B. Yeats used it for Among School Children and Sailing to Byzantium. Browse more ottava rima poems. panegyric A poem of effusive praise. Its origins are Greek, and it is closely related to the eulogy and the ode. See Ben Jonsons To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr. William Shakespeare or Anne Bradstreets In Honor of That High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth. paradox As a figure of speech, it is a seemingly self-contradictory phrase or concept that illuminates a truth. For instance, Wallace Stevens, in The Snow Man, describes the Nothing that is not there and the nothing that is. Alexander Pope, in An Essay on Man: Epistle II, describes Man as Great lord of all things, yet a prey to all. Paradox is related to oxymoron, which creates a new phrase or concept out of a contradiction. parody A comic imitation of another authors work or characteristic style. See Joan Murrays We Old Dudes, a parody of Gwendolyn Brookss We Real Cool. paraphrase summarize pastoral Verse in the tradition of Theocritus (3 BCE), who wrote idealized accounts of shepherds and their loves living simple, virtuous lives in Arcadia, a mountainous region of Greece. Poets writing in English drew on the pastoral tradition by retreating from the trappings of modernity to the imagined virtues and romance of rural life, as in Edmund Spensers The Shepheardes Calendar, Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, and Sir Walter Raleghs response, The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd. The pastoral poem faded after the European Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, but its themes persist in poems that romanticize rural life or reappraise the natural world; see Leonie Adamss Country Summer, Dylan Thomass Fern Hill, or Allen Ginsbergs Wales Visitation. Browse more pastoral poems. personification A figure of speech in which the poet describes an abstraction, a thing, or a nonhuman form as if it were a person. William Blakes O Rose, thou art sick! is one example; Donnes Death, be not proud is another. Gregory Corso quarrels with a series of personified abstractions in his poem The Whole Mess . . . Almost. Personification is often used in symbolic or allegorical poetry; for instance, the virtue of Justice takes the form of the knight Artegal in Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene. pathetic fallacy ascribes human, emotional qualities (feelings, thought, sensation) to inanimate objects, as if possessed of human awareness.[1] [2] As such, in the term pathetic fallacy, the word pathetic communicates feelings of two types, pathos (emotion) and empathy (capability of emotion). poetic device A poetic device is a language feature such as a simile, metaphor, pun etc. poetic devices or often called poetic methods can be a number of things used in a poem. Examples of poetic devices are. language, imagery, assonance, alliteration, metaphor, similie and there are many more. poetic inversion inversion, also called anastrophe, in literary style and rhetoric, the syntactic reversal of the normal order of the words and phrases in a sentence, as, in English, the placing of an adjective after the noun it modifies (the form divine), a verb before its subject (Came the dawn), or a noun preceding its preposition (worlds between). Inversion is most commonly used in poetry in which it may both satisfy the demands of the metre and achieve emphasis: In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure dome decree - (from Samuel Taylor Coleridges Kubla Khan) Inversion used simply for the sake of maintaining a rhyme scheme is considered a literary defect, although it is a common convention in folk ballads: quatrain A four-line stanza, rhyming -ABAC or ABCB (known as unbounded or ballad quatrain), as in Samuel Taylor Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. -AABB (a double couplet); see A.E. Housmans To an Athlete Dying Young. -ABAB (known as interlaced, alternate, or heroic), as in Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard or Sadie and Maud by Gwendolyn Brooks. -ABBA (known as envelope or enclosed), as in Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam or John Ciardis Most Like an Arch This Marriage. -AABA, the stanza of Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. refrain A phrase or line repeated at intervals within a poem, especially at the end of a stanza. See the refrain jump back, honey, jump back in Paul Lawrence Dunbars A Negro Love Song or return and return again in James Laughlins O Best of All Nights, Return and Return Again. Browse poems with a refrain. rhyme scheme A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyme between lines of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other. In other words, it is the pattern of end rhymes or lines. Bid me to weep, and I will weep While I have eyes to see; And having none, and yet I will keep A heart to weep for thee. rhyme royal A stanza of seven 10-syllable lines, rhyming ABABBCC, popularized by Geoffrey Chaucer and termed royal because his imitator, James I of Scotland, employed it in his own verse. In addition to Chaucers Troilus and Criseyde, see Sir Thomas Wyatts They flee from me and William Wordsworths Resolution and Independence. rhythm An audible pattern in verse established by the intervals between stressed syllables. Rhythm creates a pattern of yearning and expectation, of recurrence and difference, observes Edward Hirsch in his essay on rhythm, Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking. See also meter. rondeau Originating in France, a mainly octosyllabic poem consisting of between 10 and 15 lines and three stanzas. It has only two rhymes, with the opening words used twice as an unrhyming refrain at the end of the second and third stanzas. The 10-line version rhymes ABBAABc ABBAc (where the lower-case c stands for the refrain). The 15-line version often rhymes AABBA AABc AABAc. Geoffrey Chaucers Now welcome, summer at the close of The Parlement of Fowls is an example of a 13-line rondeau. A rondeau redoublà © consists of six quatrains using two rhymes. The first quatrain consists of four refrain lines that are used, in sequence, as the last lines of the next four quatrains, and a phrase from the first refrain is repeated as a tail at the end of the final stanza. See Dorothy Parkers Roudeau Redoublà © (and Scarcely Worth the Trouble at That). scansion The analysis of the metrical patterns of a poem by organizing its lines into feet of stressed and unstressed syllables and showing the major pauses, if any. Scansion also involves the classification of a poems stanza, structure, and rhyme scheme. sestet A six-line stanza, or the final six lines of a 14-line Italian or Petrarchan sonnet. sestina A complex French verse form, usually unrhymed, consisting of six stanzas of six lines each and a three-line envoy. The end words of the first stanza are repeated in a different order as end words in each of the subsequent five stanzas; the closing envoy contains all six words, two per line, placed in the middle and at the end of the three lines. The patterns of word repetition are as follows, with each number representing the final word of a line, and each row of numbers representing a stanza: 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 1 5 2 4 3 3 6 4 1 2 5 5 3 2 6 1 4 4 5 1 3 6 2 2 4 6 5 3 1 (6 2) (1 4) (5 3) See Algernon Charles Swinburnes The Complaint of Lisa, John Ashberys Farm Implements and Rutabagas in a Landscape, and David Ferrys The Guest Ellen at the Supper for Street People. Browse more sestinas. simile A comparison (see Metaphor) made with as, like, or than. In A Red, Red Rose, Robert Burns declares: O my Luve is like a red, red rose Thats newly sprung in June; O my Luve is like the melody Thats sweetly played in tune. What happens to a dream deferred? asks Langston Hughes in Harlem: Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet? sonnet A 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme originating in Italy and brought to England by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey in the 16th century. Literally a little song, the sonnet traditionally reflects upon a single sentiment, with a clarification or turn of thought in its concluding lines. spondee A metrical foot consisting of two accented syllables. An example of a spondaic word is hog-wild. Gerard Manley Hopkinss Pied Beauty is heavily spondaic: With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim; He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change: Praise him. sprung rhythm A metrical system devised by Gerard Manley Hopkins composed of one- to four-syllable feet that start with a stressed syllable. The spondee replaces the iamb as a dominant measure, and the number of unstressed syllables varies considerably from line to line (see also accentual verse). According to Hopkins, its intended effect was to reflect the dynamic quality and variations of common speech, in contrast to the monotony of iambic pentameter. His own poetry illustrates its use; though there have been few imitators, the spirit and principles of sprung rhythm influenced the rise of free verse in the early 20th century. stanza A grouping of lines separated from others in a poem. In modern free verse, the stanza, like a prose paragraph, can be used to mark a shift in mood, time, or thought. syllabic verse Poetry whose meter is determined by the total number of syllables per line, rather than the number of stresses. Marianne Moores poetry is mostly syllabic. Other examples include Thomas Nashes Adieu, farewell earths bliss and Dylan Thomass Poem in October. Browse more poems in syllabic verse. symbol Something in the world of the senses, including an action, that reveals or is a sign for something else, often abstract or otherworldly. A rose, for example, has long been considered a symbol of love and affection. Every word denotes, refers to, or labels something in the world, but a symbol (to which a word, of course, may point) has a concreteness not shared by language, and can point to something that transcends ordinary experience. Poets such as William Blake and W.B. Yeats often use symbols when they believe in- or seek- a transcendental (religious or spiritual) reality. A metaphor compares two or more things that are no more and no less real than anything else in the world. For a metaphor to be symbolic, one of its pair of elements must reveal something else transcendental. In To the Rose upon the Rood of Time, for instance, Yeatss image of the rose on the cross symbolizes the joining of flesh and spirit. As Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren write in their book Understanding Poetry (3rd ed., 1960),The symbol may be regarded as a metaphor from which the first term has been omitted. synecdoche A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole (for example, Ive got wheels for I have a car, or a description of a worker as a hired hand). It is related to metonymy. synesthesia A blending or intermingling of different senses in description. Light laughs the breeze in her castle of sunshine, writes Emily Dickinson. In her heavily synesthetic poem Aubade, Dame Edith Sitwell describes the dull blunt wooden stalactite / Of rain creaks, hardened by the light. In George Merediths Modern Love: I, a womans heart is made to drink the pale drug of silence. tautology A statement redundant in itself, such as free gift or The stars, O astral bodies! Also, a statement that is necessarily true- a circular argument- such as she is alive because she is living. tercet A poetic unit of three lines, rhymed or unrhymed. Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain rhymes AAA BBB; Ben Jonsons On Spies is a threes of poems in unrhymed tercets include Wallace Stevenss The Snow Man and David Wagoners For a Student Sleeping in a Poetry Workshop. tetrameter A line made up of four feet. See William Shakespeares Fear No More the Heat o the Sun or Channel Firing by Thomas Hardy. trimeter A line of three metrical feet. Percy Bysshe Shelleys To a Skylark employs trochaic trimeter in the first two lines of each stanza. See also Là ©onie Adamss The Mount. trochee A metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by an unaccented syllable. Examples of trochaic words include garden and highway. William Blake opens The Tyger with a predominantly trochaic line: Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright. Edgar Allan Poes The Raven is mainly trochaic. tone The attitude taken in or by a poem toward the subject and theme. verse As a mass noun, poetry in general; as a regular noun, a line of poetry. Typically used to refer to poetry that possesses more formal qualities. villanelle A French verse form consisting of five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas. These two refrain lines form the final couplet in the quatrain. See Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas, Elizabeth Bishops One Art, and Edwin Arlington Robinsons The House on the Hill. word order The syntactic arrangement of words in a sentence, clause, or phrase.

Analysis of Socrates' Passage in Apology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Socrates' Passage in Apology - Essay Example In Apology, he quoted: For if you kill me you will not easily find another like me, who, if I may use such a ludicrous figure of speech, am a sort of gadfly, given to the state by the god; and the state is like a great and noble steed who is tardy in his motions owing to his very size, and requires to be stirred into life (Plato, in McIntyre 20). In this statement, Socrates compares himself to a gadfly – a biting, noisy insect commonly found buzzing around and refers to the state as the horses. What Socrates meant by this is that his frequent questioning (or â€Å"biting†) is intended to wake the state up. For him, the people during that era were in an idle stage because they are just accepting the things that have been set for them by the previous generations, by the government, the rich and powerful, or by the church. Socrates does not want that. Socrates would like the people to wake up, ask questions that challenge their minds, like – Where are we from? Is th ere really a god? Why do we live? He wanted to bring the people to reality by taking them out of their ignorance. I think what Socrates feels is that ignorance is like a chain that restrains the people and the first way to make them free is to recognize that they still do not know everything. For Socrates, the â€Å"horses† (referred in his statement as the state) only looks at him as a â€Å"gadfly† or a nuisance. ... Socrates sees himself as a catalyst whose purpose is to formulate questions to irritate a person’s minds. Socrates understands that this is the foundation of progress and change. He asked questions and attempted to find answers for them; questions that lead to another questions; questions that probably made the citizens annoyed of him; questions that reduced the nobles and the most powerful into blubbering idiots (Ober â€Å"Socrates† 11). Socrates said further: I daresay that you may feel irritated at being suddenly awakened when you are caught napping†¦ then you would sleep on for the remainder of your lives unless God in his care of you gives you another gadfly. This statement means that Socrates also served as a critique to those who are in power and pointed out their mistakes. Of course when someone does that to people with power, they will go mad at you, hence he was condemned to prison. However, he reminded the people that if they do not want him to point ou t their mistakes, then they will never realize that there is something wrong with the system. And therefore, we will not be able to adjust the world into something more that is more just and something more human. For me, Socrates is truly God’s precious gift. It is difficult to find someone with a mind as inquisitive as he is and someone who is willing to swim against the current, someone who willingly labeled himself as a gadfly in order to bring about change. By becoming a gadfly, Socrates opened a trend to the philosophers of the new generations. More and more people are acting like gadflies themselves. People are nowadays asking more questions and finding ways on how the humanity can improve. The journalists and the mass media for example are

Critical Thinking Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Critical Thinking Questions - Assignment Example Also this program helps in analyzing the structure of various sentences within a context. These programs have also provided an easy way on how to indentify problems within a word and sentence particularly in terms of spellings and possible misuse of words within a sentence. These programs also help in checking word count and pages and they do so by providing very accurate answers. However these programs have also there short comings, for example the programs can be manipulated to fit the situation that an individual is in. This means that an individual can add a word to the dictionary as long as he/she feels that is the way it should be hence this may confuse other writers who may use the same machine for their work. These programs require a lot of practice in order to master them hence individuals who are not aware of how they are used, may find it difficult to use the programs. Through Information Right Management (IRM), a business is able to set in place security management systems that assist in protecting the important documents of the business, by only allowing the information to be shared by the relevant people. Also through the IRM the business is able to identify and set deadlines on the duration of the information that has been communicated by the business. Also IRM has helped to reduce conjestion in the mail inbox since it gives the writer time to reexamine on who is in need of the information that is to be

Law Of Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law Of Agency - Essay Example Principals by placing fresh orders with Papa Dog. Thus, she is personally liable for her actions and not her principals. Although initially she had remonstrated with Josh, regarding the defect in product K10, later she confirmed order for  £600 without seeking permission from her principals. This action has made her liable under law of criminal tort and negligence. The next feature that needs to be seen is that under the law of agency, it is illegal for an agent to make secret profits out of actions arising out of agency business. Even if she did she would be liable to disclose the same to the principal and act according to their instructions. However, this was also not done, making her an ideal candidate for tort, criminal action under agency laws and fraudulent conduct. â€Å"Agents have certain duties to their principals. This could be in terms of performing the legal duties as embodied in covenant and adhering to â€Å"standards of reasonable care, skills and diligence implicit in all contracts.† (Chapter 19: Agent Duties to Principal, #13). Again agents have a major duty to reveal to the principal information gathered from outside sources regarding matters relevant to business â€Å"that is important to the principals.† (Chapter 19: Agent Duties to Principal, #13). â€Å"The duty of loyalty† in terms of not working in cross purposes or detrimental to the interests of the principal is also sacrosanct for the agent. .† (Chapter 19: Agent Duties continued, #14). Again the duty of obedience entails that agent would have to honour the legal and ethical guidelines offered by the principal â€Å"during the performance of the agency.† (Chapter 19: Agent Duties continued, #14). In the case of Alwood v. Clifford (2002) EMCR -3, the lady, Alwood was expecting eight children, and she hired the services of Clifford, for arranging for leading newspaper to cover the rare event. Clifford

Effects of Yoga on Weight Loss

Effects of Yoga on Weight Loss Austina Burton Abstract For this single-system research design, the main goal was to analyze the effect a 35 day intervention of doing yoga had on weight loss in a college student. A young, single Caucasian female student participated in yoga every day, for 35 days, for 60 minutes each time. A baseline was documented over 15 days, and the intervention was documented over 35 days. Her weight was recorded every five days between seven o’clock and nine o’clock in the morning. At the end of the 35th day, the participant showed an increased weight loss of 7 pounds. The results suggest that doing yoga can have positive effects on weight loss. These results are consistent with prior studies; however those studies included other factors that could influence weight change into their research, whereas this study focused solely on yoga as the main intervention. Effects of Yoga on Weight Loss Research suggests that obesity rates in the United States have more than doubled in the past fifty years, with 32.2% of adults considered obese in 2004 (Ogden et al., 2006; Flegal et al., 2002). The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, or most commonly referred to as the CDC, has found that obesity is becoming more common, serious, and costly. Currently, more than one-third of U.S. adults are obese (Adult, 2014). That is 34.9% or 78.6 million people. Rates of overweight and obesity appear to be increasing most dramatically among young adults, the 18-to-29-year-old age group. To be more detailed, the rates went from 7.1% in 1991, to 12.1% in 1998. With those having some college education, they demonstrated even greater increases in overweight and obesity (Mokdad et al., 1999). A young Caucasian woman, currently in her sophomore year of college, would like to lose weight by doing yoga; however, she has had trouble losing weight in the past. Studies show that college students are affected greatly by obesity. This critical period, involving the young adult, contains the term â€Å"Freshman 15†, which refers to the notion that the first year of college is associated with a fifteen pound weight gain. Yoga has been positively correlated with helping people â€Å"shed pounds, or at least keep them from gaining weight† (Fred, 2005). In addition, Bruckheim (1990) found that reducing fat intake can increase weight loss; however, the participant would not like to change her eating habits at this time. Statement of the Problem In this study, the case that will be presented is a 19 year old woman, who is going to do yoga; and not change what she eats. She is 5’7† tall and weighed 150 pounds at the beginning of the study. In an interview during the baseline period of the study, the participant stated she was unhappy with her weight, which causes her to feel bad about the way she looks. The participant talked about prior attempts at losing weight, which included dieting and exercising. She also stated that, with being a full time college student, she is unable to stick to a regular schedule of exercising, and has been unable to stay on a diet. Her weight has been over 150 pounds since her 9th grade year of high school, and she has had trouble losing weight ever since. The goal of this study is to increase the participant’s weight loss by doing yoga for 60 minutes per day, for 35 days. The participant’s reason for wanting to lose weight is because she wants to look thinner, and fit b etter in her clothes. Literature Review There have been numerous research studies conducted to find out more about obesity rates in America, as well as how general exercise and dieting can affect weight loss; however, there are few studies addressing the effects yoga can have on weight loss among Caucasian women who are full time students. One study completed by Wharton, Adama and Hampl (2008) found that university students are prone to using inappropriate weight loss practices , and Lloyd-Richardson et al. (2009), found that both males and females gain weight, with similar patterns observed over the freshman year and the greatest weight changes for both sexes occurred during the first semester. When it comes to physical activity and exercise, Rocette et al. (2005) found that exercise participation was approximately 50% at the beginning and end of freshman year. Although they observed no changes in aerobic or strengthening exercises, more students reported engaging in stretching exercises at the end of freshman year; however, more than half of the students in Rocette’s (2005) sample reported eating high-fat fried or fast foods at least 3 times during the week. Its widely known that regular yoga can help reduce stress, which in turn slows the production of cortisol, the hormone responsible for belly fat. A study done by Caffrey (2013) found that yoga practitioners lost fat over an initial 6 month study period, and â€Å"kept losing it during a maintenance period with less direct supervision.† Another study, funded by the National Cancer Institute, â€Å"involved 15,500 healthy, middle-aged men and women who were asked to complete a written survey recalling their physical activity, and weight history between the ages 45 and 55† (Fred, 2005). The study measured the impact of yoga with weight change, independent of other factors such as diet or other types of physical activity. The result was that those practicing yoga, who were overweight to start with, â€Å"lost about 5 pounds during the same time period those not practicing yoga gained 14 pounds† (Fred, 2005). Methodology A single system, research design was conducted over 50 days to assess the effectiveness of yoga on weight loss for an overweight 19 year old Caucasian woman. The weight loss intervention was introduced after a 15 day baseline period. The primary objective was to determine whether yoga could decrease weight, while keeping the same eating habits over a 35 day intervention period. During the 15 day baseline period (February 1st-15th), the participant was asked to document her weight in pounds every five days by nine o’clock in the morning, using a standard weight scale. The baseline period was reported to the researcher through text messages. Following the 15 day time period, an interview was conducted over the phone, where the participant established her goal to participate in yoga for 60 minutes each day for 35 days. After the baseline period and interview were over, the researcher made phone contacts with the participant every five days to monitor the progress (February 16th-March 22nd). The researcher recorded the participant’s weight in pounds on a graph over a 50 day time period (see Figure 1). Figure 1. The intervention was implemented following the 15 day baseline period, which is marked by the dotted line. Results The goal of this research study was to analyze the effect of a 35 day weight loss intervention based on yoga. A young female college student participated in yoga seven days per week for 60 minutes each day. A baseline was documented over a 15 day time period and the intervention was documented over 35 days. The participant’s weight was recorded every five days. At the end of the 50th day, the participant showed a weight loss of seven pounds. As shown in Figure 1, the goal of decreasing the participant’s weight was met. The participant showed decreased body weight, from 150 pounds to 143 pounds. Those findings are consistent with previous studies. Discussion Single-system research designs are a research methodology that lets a practitioner track their progress with a client (Bloom, 1993). Yoga has been positively associated with weight loss in experimental and quasi-experimental designs, â€Å"which look at the effect of an intervention within, or between, groups of people† (Fred, 2005). The use of yoga as an intervention in a single system design worked due to being able to establish a realistic goal and an intervention plan. Limitations occur within most research studies. In this single system research design, there were such limitations. Weight loss is affected by numerous things, such as your environment, genetics, metabolic rate, activity level, and what you eat. This study focused solely on activity levels and did not take into account the environment, genetics, metabolic rate or what the participant was eating. An uncontrolled diet was the main limitation to this study. The participant stated that she ate out at least once a week, and mostly ate at the dining hall on her college campus, where the food did not usually meet nutritious guide lines. The effect of this can be seen in Figure 1, when a pound or less was lost between day 25 and 35. The participant’s influx of weight during the baseline period was due to her ending menstrual cycle. The participant stated it was normal for her to gain weight towards the end of it. Before this study, the participant was not getting any exercise on a reg ular basis, so when she started doing yoga 60 minutes per day, it had a profound effect on her weight. Although a form of exercise alone helped this participant lose weight, research has found that, when coupled with high activity levels, eating healthy can have an even more profound effect on weight loss (Sareen et al, 2012). For that reason, when research is done further on the effects of yoga on weight loss, I recommend having a diet plan incorporated into the design if weight loss is the main goal of the study. References Adult Obesity Facts. (2014, September 9). Retrieved March 15, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html Bloom, M. (1993). Single-system designs in the social services: Issues and options for the 1990s. New York: Haworth Press. Bruckheim, A. (June 26, 1990). Reduce fat intake to reduce weight. Chicago Tribune (pre-1997 Fulltext), 2. Caffrey, M. (2013). Restorative Yoga Better Than Stretching for Trimming Subcutaneous Fat in Overweight Women. American Journal of Managed Care. Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.ajmc.com/publications/evidence-based-diabetes-management/2013/2013-1-Vol19-sp7/Restorative-Yoga-Better-Than-Stretching-for-Trimming-Subcutaneous-Fat-in-Overweight-Women Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. (2005, July 21). Regular Yoga Practice May Help Prevent Middle-age Spread. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 22, 2015 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/07/050720064358.htm Lloyd-Richardson, E.E., Bailey, S., Fava, J.L., and Wing, R.; Tobacco Etiology Research Network (TERN). (2009). A prospective study of weight gain during the college freshman and sophomore years. Prev. Med. 48 (3): 256–261. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.12.009. PMID:19146870. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. (2006). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. Jama; 295(13):1549–1555. Racette, S. B., Deusinger, S. S., Strube, M. J., Highstein, G. R., Deusinger, R. H. (2005). Weight Changes, Exercise, and Dietary Patterns during Freshman and Sophomore Years of College. Journal Of American College Health, 53(6), 245-251. Sareen S. Gropper, Karla P. Simmons, Lenda Jo Connell, and Pamela V. Ulrich. (2012). Changes in body weight, composition, and shape: a 4-year study of college students. Applied Physiology, Nutrition Metabolism, 37(6), 1118-1123. Wharton, C. M., Adams, T., Hampl, J. S. (2008, January 01). Weight loss practices and body weight perceptions among US college students. Journal of American College Health : J of Ach, 56, 5.)

Animal Species Essay

1. On the diagram below, what percentage of energy (from the choices in blue on the left) is transferred from a producer to a: (A) secondary consumer, (B) tertiary consumer, (C) quaternary consumer? The producer takes 100% from the sun then gives 10% to the primary consumer then 1% to the secondary consumer then .1% to the tertiary consumer and then .01% to the quaternary consumer. 2. Look at the quote from Rachel Carson on the first page. What do you think the quote means? Use some of the terms we have covered regarding the topic of food webs in your one to two paragraph explanation. â€Å"All the life of the planet is inter-related†¦Ã‚  each species has its own ties to others, and  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦all are related to the earth.† I think she’s referring to the consumption between the animals going all around the world and going to the past life, similar to earth because all the animals eventually die and are tied together on earth. The food chain connects everyone and everything together in some way which is key to life on earth. 3. Why is it beneficial that many predatory fish have larval and juvenile stages that feed at a low trophic level, while the adults feed at a tertiary or quaternary trophic level? It’s beneficial because then they’re not competing for the same food. If the juvenile are eating something different it will help them actually make it to adulthood. Also juvenile fish don’t have the same energy as the adults so they eat in the low trophic level because it’s an easier and safer feed. 4. Not all adults feed at a high trophic level. Whale sharks (50 ft) are the largest fish and feed on plankton and small fish, while Great White sharks (20 ft) are the largest carnivorous fish and feed on sea lions, seals and large fish. Blue whales (100 ft) are the largest whale and feed primarily on plankton and krill, while the Sperm whale (45 ft) is the largest carnivorous whale feeding on fish and very large squid. (a) How does the location of each animal’s position in relation to the producers contribute to their size? Be sure to look at the food chain and the amount of energy that is being transferred between the levels. –I think the location of an animal correlates with ones size because if you think of a wale compared to costal fish you know they can’t eat the same things considering a wale being right offshore is highly unlikely. Plus the larger animals (like a whale) won’t have as much energy  as a smaller animal to catch its food so they would eat in the low trophic level because it’s easier to get, and takes less energy. (b) Why do you suppose the plankton feeders are able to attain such large sizes compared to the carnivores? –The main reason I feel that plankton eaters are able to attain such large sizes is because plankton are not a hard catch compared to trying to catch a seal or chase a school of fish. Plankton eaters can eat a lot more, while saving energy, which is perfect for bigger animals.

Biological Effects Of Radiation Environmental Sciences Essay

Radiation describes a procedure in which energetic atoms or moving ridges travel through a medium or infinite. There are two distinguishable types of radiation ; ionising and non-ionizing. The word radiation is normally used in mention to ionising radiation merely holding sufficient energy to ionise an atom but it may besides mention to non-ionizing radiation illustration like wireless moving ridges or seeable visible radiation. The energy radiates travels outward in consecutive lines in all waies from its beginning. This geometry of course leads to a system of measuring and physical that is every bit applicable to all types of radiation. Both ionising and non-ionizing radiation can be harmful to beings and can ensue in alterations to the natural environment. Radiation with sufficiently high energy can ionise atoms. Most frequently, this occurs when an negatron is stripped from an negatron shell, which leaves the atom with a net positive charge. Because cells are made of atoms, this ionisation can ensue in malignant neoplastic disease. An single cell is made of millions of atoms. The chance of ionising radiation doing malignant neoplastic disease is dependent upon the dose rate of the radiation and the sensitiveness of the being being irradiated. Alpha atoms, Beta atoms, Gamma and X-Ray radiation, and Neutrons may all be accelerated to a high plenty energy to ionise atoms. Alpha atom: In alpha atom, the self-generated procedure of emanation of an alpha atom from a radioactive karyon. Alpha atom is by and large termed as alpha decay. An alpha atom is emitted by a heavy karyon. The karyon, called parent karyon has a really big internal energy and is unstable. An alpha atom is a He nucleus holding two protons and two neutrons. When two negatrons revolving around the karyon of He atom are knocked out wholly, we have double ionized He atom known as alpha atom. Beta atom: a beta-particle is a fast moving negatron. The self-generated procedure of emanation of beta-particle from a radioactive karyon is called beta decay. Beta decay is of three types: beta-minus, beta-plus, and electron gaining control. Beta-minus: beta-minus is like an negatron. It is surprising that nucleus contains no negatron, so a karyon can breathe negatron. In the neutron inside the karyon is converted in to a proton and an negatron like atom. This negatron like atom is emitted by the karyon during beta-decay. In beta-minus decay, neutron in the karyon is converted in to a proton and a beta-minus atom is emitted so that the ratio of neutron to proton lessenings and therefore the nucleus becomes stable. Beta-plus: In a beta-plus decay, a proton is converted in to a neutron and a antielectron is emitted if a karyon has more protons than neutrons. Electron gaining control: In negatron gaining control, nucleus absorbs one of the interior negatrons go arounding around it and hence a atomic proton becomes a neutron and a neutrino is emitted. Electron gaining control is comparable with a antielectron emanation as the procedures lead to the same atomic transmutation. However, in negatron gaining control occurs more often than antielectron emanation in heavy elements. This is because the orbits of negatrons in heavy elements have same radii and hence orbital negatrons are really near to the karyon. Gamma beam: Gamma beams are the high energy packages of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma radiations have high energy photons. They do non hold any charge and their comparative remainder mass is zero. Gamma-decay it is the self-generated procedure of emanation of high energy photon from a radioactive karyon. When a radioactive karyon emits a beta atom, the girl karyon is excited to the higher energy province. This aroused karyon beams are emitted by the girl nucleus so it is clear that the emanation of gamma beams follows the emanation of alpha or beta atom.Non ionising radiation:Non-ionizing signifiers of radiation on life tissue have merely late been studied. Alternatively of bring forthing charged ions when go throughing through affair, the electromagnetic radiation has sufficient energy to alter merely the rotational, quiver or electronic valency constellations of molecules and atoms. However, different biological effects are observed for different types of non-ionizing radiation Radio moving ridges: Radio moving ridges whose wavelengths range from than 10^4m to 0.1m, are the consequence of charges speed uping through carry oning wires. They are generated by such electronic devices as LC oscillators are used in wireless and telecasting communicating system. Infrared beams: Infrared radiations have wavelength runing from about 0.3m to 10^ -4m and besides generated by the electronic devices. The infrared radiation energy absorbed by a substance as internal energy because the energy agitates the object ‘s atoms, increasing their quiver or translational gesture, which consequences temperature increases. Infrared radiation has practical and scientific application in many countries, including physical therapy, infrared radiation picture taking, and quiver spectrometry. Ultraviolet radiation: Ultraviolet radiation screen wavelength runing from about 4X10^4m to 6X10^-10m. The Sun is an of import beginning of ultraviolet radiation visible radiation, which is the chief cause of tan. Sunscreen locations are crystalline to seeable visible radiation but greater per centum of UV visible radiation absorbed. Ultraviolet beams have besides been implicated I the formation of cataracts. Most of the UV visible radiation from the Sun is absorbed by ozone molecules in the Earth upper ambiance, in a bed called stratosphere. This ozone shield converts lethal high energy UV radiation to infrared radiation, which in bends warm the stratosphere. X raies: X raies have the scope from approximately10^-8 to 10^-12m. The most common beginning of X raies is halting of high energy negatrons upon the pelting a metal mark. X raies are used as nosologies tool in medical specialty and as the intervention for certain signifiers of malignant neoplastic disease. Because X raies can damage or destruct living tissue and being, attention must be taken avoid necessary exposure or over-exposure. X raies are besides used in the survey of crystal construction because x-rays wavelengths are comparable to the atomic separation distance in solids. Electromagnetic radiation: The wave nature of electromagnetic radiation explains assorted phenomena like intervention, diffraction and polarisation. However, wave nature of electromagnetic radiation, could explicate phenomena like photoelectric consequence, Compton Effect. The cathode rays consist of negative charged atoms called negatrons which are the component of an atom and therefore the component of affair. Harmonizing to the construct of radiation illustration light moving ridge ‘s wireless moving ridges, X raies, microwaves etc. are assumed to transport energy in packages or packages known as photons or quanta.Biological consequence of radiation:In biological consequence of radiation, there are many unsafe effects of our wellness and organic structure. Biological effects of radiation are typically can be divided into two classs. The first category consist of exposure to high doses of radiation over shots period of clip bring forthing ague or short term effects. The 2nd class represents exposure to low doses of radiation over an drawn-out period of clip bring forthing chronic or long term effects. High dosage ( acute ) : high doses tend to kill cells, while low doses tend to damage or alter them. High doses can kill so many cells that tissues and variety meats are damaged. This is bend may do a rapid whole organic structure response frequently called the ague radiation syndrome ( ARS ) . Low doses ( chronic ) : low doses spread out over long periods of clip do n't do an immediate job to any organic structure organ. The effects of low doses of radiation occur at the degree of the cell, and the consequences may non be observed for many old ages. Although we tend to tie in high doses of radiation with ruinous events such as atomic arms detonations, there have been documented instances of persons deceasing from exposures to high doses of radiation ensuing from tragic events. High effects of radiation: high effects of radiation are skin Burnss, hair loss, asepsis, cataracts. Effectss of skin include ( blushing like tan ) , dry ( skining ) , and moist ( vesicating ) . Skin effects are more likely to happen with exposure to moo energy gamma, x-ray, or beta radiation. Most of the energy of the radiation sedimentation in the skin surface. The dosage required for erythematic to happen is comparatively high, in surplus of 300 radiations. Blistering requires a dosage in surplus of 1,200 radiations. Hair loss, besides called epilation, is similar to clamber effects and can happen after acute doses of about 500 radiations. Asepsis can be impermanent or lasting in males, depending upon the doses. To bring forth lasting asepsis, a dosage in surplus of 400 radiations is required to the generative variety meats. Cataracts ( a clouding of the lens of the oculus ) appear to hold a threshold about 200 radiations. Neutrons are particularly effectual in bring forthing cataracts, because the oculus has high H2O content, which is peculiarly effectual in halting neutrons.High dose effects:Dose ( radiation ) consequence observed15-25 blood count alterations. 50 blood count alteration in single. 100 Vomiting ( threshold ) . 150 Death ( threshold ) .Classs of effects of exposure to low doses of radiation:There are three general classs of effects ensuing from exposure to low doses of radiation. These are: Familial: the consequence is suffered by the progeny of the person exposed. Bodily: the consequence is chiefly suffered by the person exposed. Since malignant neoplastic disease is the primary consequence, it is sometimes called the carcinogenic consequence. In-utero: some erroneously consider this to be a familial effect of radiation exposure, because the consequence, suffered by a development is after birth. However, this is really a particular instance of the bodily consequence, since the embryo is the 1 to the radiation. Radiation hazard: the approximative hazards for the three chief effects to degree of radiation are: In familial consequence, hazard from 1 paradoxical sleep of radiation exposure to the generative variety meats about 50 to 1,000 clip ‘s less than self-generated hazard for assorted anomalousnesss. In bodily consequence, for radiation induced malignant neoplastic disease, the hazard estimation is developing any type of malignant neoplastic disease. However non all malignant neoplastic diseases are associated with exposure to radiation. The hazard from deceasing from radiation induced malignant neoplastic disease is about one half the hazard of acquiring the malignant neoplastic disease. In utero: Spontaneous hazards of foetal abnormalcies are about 5 to 30 times greater than hazard of exposure to 1 paradoxical sleep radiation. However, the hazard of child goon malignant neoplastic disease from exposure in utero is about the same as the hazard to grownups exposed to radiation exposures. Linear no-threshold hazard theoretical account: general consensus among experts is that some radiation dosage by a additive, no threshold theoretical account. This theoretical account is accepted by the NRC since it appears to be most conservative. Linear: an addition in dose grownups in a relative addition in hazard. No-threshold: any dosage, no affair how little, produces some hazard. The hazard does non get down at 0 because there is some hazard of malignant neoplastic disease, even with no occupational exposure. Exposure to radiation is warrant of injury. However, because of the additive, no-threshold theoretical account, more exposure means more hazard, and there is no dosage of radiation so little that it will non hold some consequence.Effects OF RADIATION ON CELLSIonizing radiation absorbed by human tissue has adequate energy to take negatrons from the atoms that make up molecules of the tissue. When the negatron that was shared by the two atoms to organize a molecular bond is dislodged by ionising radiation, the bond is broken and therefore, the molecule falls apart. This is a basic theoretical account for understanding radiation harm. When ionising radiation interacts with cells, it may or may non strike a critical portion of the cell. We consider the chromosomes to be the most critical portion of the cell since they contain the familial information and ins tructions required for the cell to execute its map and to do transcripts of it for reproduction intents. Besides, there are really effectual fix mechanisms at work invariably which fix cellular harm – including chromosome harm.Uses of radiation: Nuclear natural philosophies application are highly widespread in fabrication, medical specialty in biological science, we present a few of these application and implicit in theories back uping them. Tracing: Radioactive tracers are used to track chemicals take parting in assorted reactions. One of the most valuable utilizations of radioactive tracers in medical specialty. For illustration, I, a food needed by the human organic structure, is obtained mostly through consumption of iodinated salt and sea nutrient. Radiation therapy: Radiation causes much harm to quickly spliting cells. Therefore, it is utile in malignant neoplastic disease intervention because tumour cells divide highly quickly. Several mechanisms can be used to present radiation to a tumour. In some instances, a narrow beam of X ray or radiation from a beginning such as 60co is used. In other state of affairs, thin radioactive acerate leafs called seeds are implanted in the cancerous tissue. The radioactive isotope 131I is used to handle malignant neoplastic disease of the thyroid. Black organic structure radiation: An object at any temperature emits electromagnetic moving ridges in the signifier of thermic radiation from its surface. The features of this radiation depend on the temperature and belongingss of the object ‘s surface. Thermal radiation originates from accelerated charged atoms in the atoms near the surface of the object ; those charged atoms emit radiation much as little aerials do. The thermally radiation agitated atoms can hold a distribution of energies, which accounts for the uninterrupted spectrum of radiation emitted by the object. The basic job was in understanding the ascertained distribution of wavelengths in the radiation emitted by a black organic structure. A black organic structure is an ideal system that absorbs all radiation incidents on it. The electromagnetic radiation emitted by the black organic structure is called black body radiation. Radiation harm: Radiation harm means that electromagnetic is all about in the signifier of wireless moving ridges, microwaves, light moving ridges so on. The grade and type of harm depend on several factors, including the type and energy of the radiation and belongingss of the affair. Radiation harm in biological being is chiefly due to ionization effects in cells. A cell ‘s normal operation may be disrupted when extremely reactive ions are formed as the consequence of ionising radiation. Large those of radiation are particularly unsafe because harm to a great figure of molecules in a cell may do to decease. In biological systems, it is common to divide radiation harm in two classs: bodily harm and familial harm. Bodily harm is that associated with any organic structure cell except the generative cells. Bodily harm can take to malignant neoplastic disease or can earnestly change the features of specific being. Familial harm affects merely generative cells. Damage to the cistrons in generative cells can take to faulty cells. It is of import to be the aware of the consequence of nosologies interventions, such as X raies and other signifiers of radiation exposure, and to equilibrate the important benefits of intervention with the detrimental effects. Damage caused by the radiation besides depends on the radiation ‘s perforating power. Alpha particles cause extended harm, but penetrate merely to shoal deepness in a stuff due to strength interaction with other charged atoms. Neutrons do non interact via the electric force and hence penetrate deeper, doing important harm. Gamma beams are high energy photons that can do serve harm, but frequently pass through affair without interactions. For example- a given dosage of alpha atom causes approximately 10 times more biological harm produced by radiation than equal dosage of X raies. The RBE ( comparative biological effectivity ) factor for a given type of radiation is the figure of rads of X ray or gamma radiation that produces the same biological harm as 1-rad of the radiation is being used. Radiation sensors: Atoms go throughing through affair interact with the affair in several ways. The atoms can, for example- ionize atoms, spread from atoms, or be absorbed by atoms. Radiation sensors exploit these interactions to let a measuring of the atom ‘s energy, impulse, or alteration and sometimes the very being of the atom if it is otherwise hard to observe. Assorted devices have been developed for observing radiation. These devices are used for a assortment of intents, including medical diagnosings, radioactive dating measuring, mensurating back land radiation, and mensurating the mass, energy, and impulse of atoms is created in high-energy atomic reaction.Consequence OF RADIATION ON HUMANSA really little sum of ionising radiation could trip malignant neoplastic disease in the long term even though it may take decennaries for the malignant neoplastic disease to look. Ionizing radiation ( x-rays, radon gas, radioactive stuff ) can do leukaemia and thyroid malignant neop lastic disease. There is no uncertainty that radiation can do malignant neoplastic disease, but there still is a inquiry of what degree of radiation it takes to do malignant neoplastic disease. Quickly spliting cells are more susceptible to radiation harm. Examples of radiosensitive cells are blood organizing cells ( bone marrow ) , enteric liner, hair follicles and foetuss. Hence, these develop malignant neoplastic disease foremost. If a individual is exposed to radiation, particularly high dosage, there are predictable alterations in our organic structure that can be measured. The figure of blood cells, the frequence of chromosome aberrances in the blood cells and the sum of radioactive stuff in piss, are illustrations of biomarkers that can bespeak if one is exposured high dosage. If you do non hold early biological alterations indicated by these measurings the radiation exposure will non present an immediate menace to you.Radiation toxic conditionRadiation toxic condition, radiation illness or a crawl dosage, is a signifier of harm to organ tissue caused by inordinate exposure to ionising radiation. The term is by and large used to mention to acute jobs caused by a big dose of radiation in a short period, though this besides has occurred with long term exposure. The clinical name for radiation illness is acute radiation syndrome as described by the CDC A chronic radiation syndrome does be but is really uncomm on ; this has been observed among workers in early Ra beginning production sites and in the early yearss of the Soviet atomic plan. A short exposure can ensue in acute radiation syndrome ; chronic radiation syndrome requires a drawn-out high degree of exposure. Radiation exposure can besides increase the chance of developing some other diseases, chiefly malignant neoplastic disease tumours, and familial harm. These are referred to as the stochastic effects of radiation, and are non included in the term radiation.Radiation ExposureRadiation is energy that travels in the signifier of moving ridges or high-velocity atoms. It occurs of course in sunshine and sound moving ridges. Man-made radiation is used in X-rays atomic arms, atomic power workss and malignant neoplastic disease intervention. If you are exposed to little sums of radiation over a long clip, it raises your hazard of malignant neoplastic disease. It can besides do mutants in your cistrons, which you could go through on to any kids you have after the exposure. A batch of radiation over a short period, such as from a radiation exigency can do Burnss or radiation illness. Symptoms of radiation illness include sickness, failing, hair loss, skin Burnss and decreased organ map. If the exposure is big plenty, it can do premature aging or even decease.