Culture And Identity ( Rough Draft ) Essay - 894 Words

Essay 1: Culture and Identity (Rough Draft) Imagine a life without writing, and without art; it’s pretty grim isn’t it? Without these essential cultural components, life would be a sad place to live in, because no other cultural aspect would survive. The most essential cultural elements are Art and Literature, because art and literature lead into the other cultural aspects. Without arts and literature, you couldn’t have the rest of the cultural elements. Culture manifested itself with the aid of art and literature, without the help of writing or art, cultural unity would be impossible. A good example of a culture without writing and art would be the early humans; their culture did not carry along, and one tribe would be completely different than the other, and they couldn’t even speak to express their ideas. It wasn’t until early humans began to draw cave art that ideas could be expressed, and then culture grew and evolved and spread into government’s and civilizations and certain ways of doing things, as well as religion and any of the other cultural elements. That’s why art and literature are prerequisite to the development of all the other elements of culture. Art and literature are necessary to communicate and spread the rest of the cultural elements. Civilization is the backbone of culture, and you need art and l iterature to connect a civilization. Art is important to culture and our society. Society is culture, or more accurately, society is the people who make up aShow MoreRelatedI Am Confident For My Writing1118 Words   |  5 Pagesstronger theses and by knowing why rough drafts are important to writing. Nevertheless, I still need to develop better strategies to manage my writing. I chose my essays, What Influences Teens To Become Adults and Resilience Among College Students, because they demonstrate my growth throughout this class. Even though I still need to improve on managing my writing, I am confident in moving to EWRT 1A because I have learned how to create strong theses, and how rough drafts have a great impact on my writingRead MoreI Am From Saudi Arabia And My Native Language Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesthem was identity analysis which I bet was pretty risky and fundamental assignment. Nevertheless, it is hard to write this assignment with no critical thinking skills. We were not born talented for this skill. Thus, there were many steps we have to reach to get to the point of critical thinking, and these steps include practicing very hard and evaluating myself to see if I have got the skills yet. For instance, this assignment was about my identity and many of us don’t know what our identities are. ThroughRead MoreMy Writing Is Easy Isn t Doing It Right985 Words   |  4 Pagesclass. I couldn’t be sure if my work was satisfactory without receiving the much appreciated constructive criticism from my professor. Dr. Szlyk’s response email to my essay read â€Å"Nicely done, Che. I like how you expanded your paper from the rough draft to the final one, adding in quotes, stories, and details from your mother†¦ Keep working on eliminating run-ons and fragments. Watch parallel structure, too† I have since been more cautious of the aforementioned grammatical errors. Reflecting onRead MoreMy First Day Of Class Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesobstacle I faced in adapting to a new academic culture. In the rough draft, I followed the instructions carefully to touch every aspect of the assignment and write a perfect essay. One of the major learning outcomes for this class is revising and editing the writing pieces. Upon receiving the feedback from professor Poltrack and my peer, I learned that I did not address a major figure from my past who influenced me to become a better writer. In the final draft of my narrative, I incorporated ProfessorRead MoreIdentity Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesRough Draft Identity is what defines us as a person. Everyone one on earth has their own unique identity. To showcase my identity, I created a collage of images and descriptive words, called an identi-kit. This identi-kit shows what I feel like is my identity to myself and the others. My identi-kit identifies me as a mixed martial artist. The identi-kit has images of a deadly shark with mixed martial arts gloves on that say mixed martial arts on the front and fight shorts with the words competitorRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Do Not Go Gentle 846 Words   |  4 PagesNam Nguyen English 375 Dr. Guzik. Paper 1 Rough Draft In Alexie â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle,† there is a recurring element of assimilation for the Native Americans. I will be discussing how it is problematic as it shows how the underlying issue of societal pressure towards the Native Americans freedom and liberty as a human being. In the article, â€Å"Italian American Identity: To Be or Not To Be† Michael Parenti focuses on the subject of acculturation and assimilation being formed in the United States. ThisRead MorePaper1263 Words   |  6 PagesAlexander Buzick Expos 355:101 Paper#1 Rough Draft September 18, 2015 Culture Constitutes Live As social animals, human beings find their values and senses of existence in association with others. Therefore, the process of interaction between human beings and their surrounding formed culture. Furthermore, the shaped culture for a long time makes up for people’ s cognizes and tradition. It means, different regions and countries shape different cultures that constitute normal behavior of humanRead MoreAmerica s A Mark For Victory933 Words   |  4 Pagesreacted to being different. In addressing this issue, the United States of America has sailed on the rough waters of diversity for many decades, causing the world to see the â€Å"land of the free† in a completely different light. Within these confines, African Americans and other suspected â€Å"minorities† have either unwillingly embraced the discrimination or revolted against it, creating their own culture, values, and beliefs. During a time when a war of different worlds raged on in the 1940s, Americans Read MoreThe Nsa Had Committed 2776 Violations1698 Words   |  7 PagesMaria Sanchez Professor Thrasher English 100 October 17, 2014 Final Rough Draft In 2012, people discovered that the NSA had committed 2,776 violations to the law. The NSA was mainly spying on other countries while those other countries were spying on the United States.The U.S. government tried to explain why they did those infractions with the excuse that they were unintentional. The court ruled it as unconstitutional. As of now, the United States has collected every single piece of data that hasRead MoreHow The Internet Affects The Human Brain Changes Its Pathways And Alters How It Retains Information?1405 Words   |  6 PagesRough Draft Are you on the connected to the internet every day? If so, your brain’s way of functioning is changing, for better or for worse. After five days of accessing the internet, the human brain changes its pathways and alters how it retains information. When a person uses the internet repeatedly, their brain remembers facts based on where to find the information instead of the actual information. Depending on the age of the person using the internet and how frequently they use it, the brain

Against The Death Penalty Essay - 959 Words

Against the Death Penalty â€Å"Murder is wrong† (â€Å"Capital Punishment†). We’ve been taught this indisputable truth since childhood. The death penalty is defined as one human taking the life of another. Coincidentally, that is a classification of murder. There are as many as thirty-six states with the death penalty, and it’s essential that they change it. The United States needs the death penalty abolished because it is filled with flaws, cruel and immoral, and is an ineffective means of deterrent for crime. I understand why you would want to have the death penalty in effect. You probably think that it will be cheaper to execute people instead of paying taxes for them in jail. There is also a probability that you think that you will†¦show more content†¦Another flaw is it is morally wrong. No matter how people sugar-coat it, murder is murder, in the name of justice or in vengeance it is morally wrong. Everyone deserves to live, no matter thei r circumstances are. Federal states should not be allowed to decide who lives and who dies, especially in a country such as the United States, which prides its self on freedom (â€Å"Top Ten†). Moreover, the death penalty is applied at random (â€Å"Facts†). â€Å"The death penalty is a lethal lottery: of the 15,000 to 17,000 homicides committed every year in the United States, approximately 120 people are sentenced to death, less than 1%† (â€Å"Facts†). Many criminals have committed the same crimes, but few have been sentenced to death for their crimes. In Addition, there is a chance mentally ill citizens could be convicted to death (â€Å"Facts†). According to Amnesty International and the National Association on Mental Illness, One out of every ten persons who has been executed in the United States since 1977 is mentally ill. â€Å"Many mentally ill defendants are unable to participate in their trials in any meaningful way and appear unengaged , cold, and unfeeling before the jury† (â€Å"Facts†). Many mentally ill defendants have been drugged against their will in order for them to be competent enough to be executed (â€Å"Facts†). Some states still haven’t put a ban on executing mentally ill people such as Organ, although the United States Supreme Court has declared thatShow MoreRelatedDeath Penalty : Are You For Or Against The Penalty?1724 Words   |  7 PagesPolanowski Philosophy 1111 21 October 2015 Death Penalty Are you for or against the death penalty? Do you even know what the death penalty is? The Death Penalty is when a person is charged for a crime and receives punishment such as execution, and is put on death row. It has been a back and forth argument over decades on rather or not we should instill the death penalty. A common belief among people is, if someone commits murder, then they need to be put on death row, but if someone commits a crime forRead MoreA Argument Against The Death Penalty1647 Words   |  7 Pagespunishable by death or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole when specific â€Å"Special Circumstances† of the crime have been charged or been proven in court. It is possible though to be released by the parole board after a minimum of 25 years if they feel you are worthy. The death penalty is a topic that the United States is divided on. Currently there are 31 states with the death penalty and California is on that list. In 2012 a ballot was prop osed that would appeal the death penalty as theRead MoreEssay on Against the Death Penalty881 Words   |  4 PagesAgainst the Death Penalty The death penalty is one of the most controversial issues in our time. There are many issues that show and prove the death penalty is wrong and reasons why it should be ceased. Many issues have objections towards the death penalty shows that the death penalty is unfair, irreversible and expensive. The Death penalty is an unfair system used as punishment to criminals that performed wrong and unmoral crimes. The death penalty is unfair in the way that is discriminatoryRead MoreArgumentative Against Death Penalty1546 Words   |  7 Pages5) The death penalty does not deter criminals from committing violent crimes. The death penalty is a form of cruel and unusual punishment that violates citizen’s Eighth Amendment which has forced the Supreme Court to step in and evaluate this form of punishment. The death penalty has not always been practiced in the United States; however, there have been about 13,000 people who have been legally executed since colonial times. In 1972, the Supreme Court effectively nullified the death penaltyRead More Against the Death Penalty Essay731 Words   |  3 Pagesthe death penalty is the worst of them. I am strongly against the death penalty because it violates God’s rules, costs the tax payers too much money, and possibly the â€Å"wrongly accused,† may have to die because of the cruel and unusual punishment of the death penalty. How often do these concepts get into the public’s mind when it hears of our ‘fair, trusty’ government taking away someone’s breathing rights? Do we honestly want people thinking of us as mu rderers? I am against having the death penaltyRead MoreThe Case Against The Death Penalty773 Words   |  4 PagesCase Against the Death Penalty, which shows up in Crime and Criminals: Opposing Viewpoints, Eric Freedman contends that capital punishment does not discourage fierce crime as well as conflicts with decreasing the crime rate. This essay will analyse Freedman s article from the perspectives of a working man, a needy individual, and a government official. Working man: A working man would in all probability agree with Freedman s point of view with association with the monetary part of the death penaltyRead MoreArgument For And Against The Death Penalty1051 Words   |  5 Pages When arguing for or against a topic, the goal is to convince others to accept you opinion, take your opinion seriously, and you must seek common ground in order to establish some form of compromise. A good communicator must be specific, contestable, significant and reasonable. For this assignment, I will be arguing for and against The Death Penalty. When it comes to a topic such as The Death Penalty, many individuals cannot fathom the idea of putting another human to death because it is not permanentlyRead MoreAgainst the Death Penalty Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesnot the death penalty should be used. It continues to be a controversial issue in the world today. Some are for the death penalty, believing that a punishment should fit the crime and it is the only necessary way to reprimand those who have committed a terrible offense. Others believe that the death penalty violates human rights and that it is inhumane, merciless, and cruel. In Kenneth Josts article Death Penalty Controversies, he explains that critics and adversaries of the death penalty are warningRead More Against the Death Penalty Essay1533 Words   |  7 Pages The Death Penalty Human rights are fundamental rights which every human being is entitled to just because they are human. The death penalty is the ultimate, irreversible denial of human rights. It is the cold blooded killing of a human being in the name of ‘justice’. In 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; in Articles 3 and 5 it states that â€Å"no one shall be subjected to cruel or degrading punishment and everyone has the rightRead MoreAgainst The Death Penalty Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagesoppose the death penalty. Many people can feel very strongly about whether or not they approve of this method of punishment. I feel that the death penalty is wrong, and I believe that there is much support to back this up. I believe that the death penalty is wrong because it is not an effective deterrent, racially and economically bias, unreliable, expensive, and morally wrong of society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One argument from death penalty supporters is that the death penalty acts as a deterrent

Payment For Environmental Service

Question: Discuss about thePayment For Environmental Service. Answer: Introduction: Laos is a beautiful landlocked country situated in the southeastern part of Asia. It consists of mountain ranges and various rivers drain the land. This country is financially less stable and mainly depends upon the investments made by the foreign organizations. The dams supported by the international organizations are in their turn harming the natural environment of the Laos and affecting the livelihood of the local people. Hence a policy for payment for the environmental service is required to substantiate the losses faced by the local population and at the same time maintain the ecological balance (Nguyen and Tenhunen 2013). Nam Theun 2 Dam has adopted the policy of PES by World Bank and has attained success. The report would portray the importance of the policy, the planning as well as the how the policy will work. Importance of the PES: PES is a policy that helps to provide incentives to the landowners and other stakeholders whose properties are utilized by beneficiaries for various purposes. Local inhabitants of Laos are not financially stable. As a result, they depend on forest resources for the primary reason for their livelihood. The dams maintained by the foreign organizations under permission from the government are destroying the forests and its resources resulting in some associated disadvantages. Construction and maintenance of dams have led to deforestation of a huge number of trees. Degradation of forests has, in turn, resulted in disruption of the water cycle that has changed the rainfall records (Arriagada et al. 2012). Erosion has been another harmful effect resulted from deforestation. Thus, certain policies should be introduced about payment for service for managing the damages and to maintain a stable use and balance of environmental resources (Mayrand and Paquin 2016). This revenue would help in re-establishing the environment and would assist the local people to lead a better life financially and physically. Payment for Environmental Service: Making of a Policy While constructing the policy of the PES certain criteria like the resource stabilization and reviving the balance of the ecological structure have to be kept in mind. The policy should include the correct estimation of the incentives that should be provided to the provider of the service from the buyer (Mahanty, Suich and Tacconi 2016). The forest owners who have leased their lands to the foreign organization should demand the correct fund from the purchaser from which about 0.2 to 5% of the fund would be allotted for the resource reconstruction. The estimation should be apt and justified. For correct calculation, a model should be proposed. Professionals should work with the models and assign the right percentage of the fund to be received by the forest owners, the organization handling the resource construction work and the governmental associations (Wunder 2013). The next concern would involve the control of the misuse of the resources by the suppliers. The extent of their area, the list of activities allowed on the associated land and the overuse of the resources for the increase of their productivity should be controlled and restricted (Kroeger 2013). As a high amount of local inhabitants mainly live by agricultural activities, a certain portion of the profit and income should be assigned to them who could have otherwise used the land on lease for their livelihood. Moreover concerned should be raised about the cost of relocalisation of the poor people, who have been forced to move away from the land, by appointing a certain percentage to involve them in the power plant. A certain group of organization would be assigned with the task of reforestation activities and maintain a report of the revival of the atmospheric output after reforestation. Act should be passed for prevention of cutting of trees without further delay from the authority All the above mentioned proposals should be considered by the governing authority and should be given the designations of laws. These policies should be discussed thoroughly among the governing officials, and the pros and cons should be judged. The laws should be quickly assigned to prevent further degradation of the flora, and complete results are to be ascertained. Process of Working the ESP: Once the entire policy of the Environmental Service Payment gets a green flag by the governing medium after a detailed discussion, implementation of the laws and ethics should be immediately undertaken. The first step would include proper learning of the suppliers and the local inhabitants of the area. Once they get to know about the importance of the exploited resources, the policy makers will conclude the laws and the rules, every of the stakeholders has to follow (Nasi, Wunder and Campos 2016). The displaced local inhabitants would fix an appointment with the authority to claim the monetary aid that is proposed by the law. In the case of the supplier and beneficiary, a complete agreement should be prepared for the fractions of the financial splits that would take place between them (Muradian et al. 2013). They should revise the agreement and then only further planning would be executed. The act of protection of the flora will contain the appoint of an environmentalist team who wou ld govern the damages caused by the activities of the power plant and instruction of the steps to follow. Assessing the damage already caused, they would estimate the fund required for the recovery of the loosened soil and reforestation. This fund should include the manpower as well as the different other expenses associated with the project undertaken. They should also make an estimation of how to achieve the proper amount of funds from the stakeholders and proper duration required for the project. The incentives which would be provided to the suppliers or the forest land owners from the beneficiaries should be critically judged and decided so that neither the suppliers nor the portion reaching the environmentalists become disadvantageous (Leimona et al. 2015). All the pros and cons from every aspect of the laws and acts to be passed would require proper analysis, judgments and approvals from all the stakeholders. Strict punishment should be allotted against any offence for each la ws and proper monitoring should be provided. Conclusion: From assessing the various damages caused by the hydropower projects in Laos and the monetary crisis faced by the locals of Laos, one can certainly ascertain the importance of the introduction of the PES. Implementation of the PES is believed to be helpful for the people of Laos for they can expect a pretty good amount of income from the projects as well as maintain the beautiful picturesque nature of their country as well. References: Arriagada, R.A., Ferraro, P.J., Sills, E.O., Pattanayak, S.K. and Cordero-Sancho, S., 2012. Do payments for environmental services affect forest cover? A farm-level evaluation from Costa Rica.Land Economics,88(2), pp.382-399. Kroeger, T., 2013. The quest for the optimal payment for environmental services program: Ambition meets reality, with useful lessons.Forest policy and economics,37, pp.65-74. Leimona, B., van Noordwijk, M., de Groot, R. and Leemans, R., 2015. Fairly efficient, efficiently fair: Lessons from designing and testing payment schemes for ecosystem services in Asia.Ecosystem Services,12, pp.16-28. Mahanty, S., Suich, H. and Tacconi, L., 2013. Access and benefits in payments for environmental services and implications for REDD+: Lessons from seven PES schemes.Land Use Policy,31, pp.38-47. Mayrand, K. and Paquin, M., 2016. Payments for environmental services: a survey and assessment of current schemes. Muradian, R., Arsel, M., Pellegrini, L., Adaman, F., Aguilar, B., Agarwal, B., Corbera, E., Ezzine de Blas, D., Farley, J., Froger, G. and Garciaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Frapolli, E., 2013. Payments for ecosystem services and the fatal attraction of winà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ win solutions.Conservation letters,6(4), pp.274-279. Nasi, R., Wunder, S. and Campos, J.J., 2016. Forest ecosystem services: can they pay our way out of deforestation?. Nguyen, T.T. and Tenhunen, J., 2013. Linking regional land use and payments for forest hydrological services: A case study of Hoa Binh Reservoir in Vietnam.Land Use Policy,33, pp.130-140.

Recruitment Process of Nuvista Pharma Ltd Essay Example

Recruitment Process of Nuvista Pharma Ltd Essay Executive Summery Effective recruitment, selection and retention are critical to organizational success. They enable companies to have high performing employees who are satisfied with their jobs, thus contributing positively to the organization. On the contrary, in-effective recruitment methodology, selection and retention would result in mismatches which can have negative consequences for an organization. A misfit who is not in tune with organization’s philosophies and goals can reduce output, productivity, customer satisfaction, relationship and over all quality of work. Training a wrong hire can also be expensive. Effective recruitment is therefore not only the first step towards organizational excellence, but important cost control mechanisms as well. INTRODUCTION The human resources are the most important assets of an organization. The success or failure of an organization is largely dependent on the caliber of the people working therein. Without positive and creative contributions from people, organizations cannot progress and prosper. In order to achieve the goals or the activities of an organization, therefore, they need to recruit people with requisite skills, qualifications and experience. While doing so, they have to keep the present as well as the future requirements of the organization in mind. Recruitment is distinct from Employment and Selection. Once the required number and kind of human resources are determined, the management has to find the places where the required human resources are available and also find the means of attracting them towards the organization before selecting suitable candidates for jobs. All this process is generally known as recruitment. Some people use the term â€Å"Recruitment† for employment. We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment Process of Nuvista Pharma Ltd specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment Process of Nuvista Pharma Ltd specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment Process of Nuvista Pharma Ltd specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These two are not one and the same. Recruitment is only one of the steps in the entire employment process. Some others use the term recruitment for selection. These are not the same either. Technically speaking, the function of recruitment precedes the selection function and it includes only finding, developing the sources of prospective employees and attracting them to apply for jobs in an organization, whereas the selection is the process of finding out the most suitable candidate to the job out of the candidates attracted (i. e. , recruited). Background of the Company The pharmaceutical market of Bangladesh very much dynamic and competitive and is comparable to those of developed countries. It is a matter of great pleasure that this sector successfully fulfils major portion of local demand of pharmaceutical products and at the same time it is moving forward to explore the international market for chemicals and pharmaceuticals products. The contribution of pharmaceuticals companies in Bangladesh to the national economy is encouraging. The investment in this sector is increasing which speaks about the potentiality in this sector. This sector satisfies the demand of the local market and also goes for export to explore the international market. Nuvista Pharma is one of the well-known performer in Pharmaceticul Industry in Bangladesh. Organon (Bangladesh) Limited has been operating in Bangladesh since 1964. Until 30 June 2006, it was a subsidiary of Organon International, a renowned global bio-pharmaceutical company, concentrating on gynecology, anesthesia, fertility and neuroscience. On 1 July 2006, Organon International divested its entire stake in Organon (Bangladesh) Ltd. o local management. Subsequently the name of the Company was changed to Nuvista Pharma Limited in December 2006. Nuvista Pharma Ltd. markets a specialized range of products, comprising mainly hormones and steroids. It manufactures tablets, capsule and injections at its own manufacturing facilities in Tongi, Gazipur, and also imports finished medicines from Organon International. The company in every other respect remains the same. It contin ues to import world renowned and trusted Organon brands for the benefit of millions of people in Bangladesh. Nuvista Pharma Limited also continues to source the highest quality APIs from The Netherlands, other European sources, Japan and the USA to ensure the highest quality of its manufactured medicines. Through the commitment to women’s health care, it has contributed significantly to three areas of vital importance: Contraception, Fertility and Menopause. It has some of the most innovative prescription medicines for Anesthesia, Male Hormone Therapy and Corticosteroids, products that contribute to the health of people and their quality of life. In Bangladesh, Nuvista Pharma Limited is the market leader in: Commercial Segment of   Contraception Plain Corticosteroids Synthetic Oxytocin Progestogens Anabolic Steroids Anti Spasmodics Haemostatics Fertility Anesthesia Hormone Therapy (both Female Male) Nuvista Pharma Ltd. employs modern technologies in its production and quality control facilities to meet international and local standards and regulations. The Company produces a specialized range of specialized world-class products, mainly hormones and steroids. A Quality System of global standards is maintained with the assistance of international consultants. Development is a continuous process at Nuvista Pharma Ltd. New equipment and machinery are regularly purchased to increase capacity and improve quality. In 2005, a new 4-storied, state of the art, Quality Assurance and Quality Control building was constructed. In 2007 the tablet facility was upgraded to further strengthen the cGMP status. Major projects are currently in hand to significantly develop and improve the overall manufacturing facilities of the Company. Recruitment Selection: Recruitment is defined as, â€Å"a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employ effective measures for attracting that manpower in adequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient workforce. † Edwin B. Flippo defined recruitment as â€Å"the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization. † Recruitment is a ‘linking function’-joining together those with jobs to fill and those seeking jobs. It is a ‘joining process’ in that it tries to bring together job seekers and employer with a view to encourage the former to apply for a job with the latter. In order to attract people for the jobs, the organization must communicate the position in such a way that job seekers respond. To be cost effective, the recruitment process should attract qualified applicants and provide enough information for unqualified persons to self-select themselves out. Thus, the recruitment process begins when new recruits are sought and ends when their applications are submitted. The result is a pool of applicants from which new employees are selected. Selection is the process of choosing from a group of applicants those individuals best suited for a particular position. Most managers recognize that employee selection is one of their most difficult, and most important, business decisions. This process involves making a judgment -not about the applicant, but about the fit between the applicant and the job by considering knowledge, skills and abilities and other characteristics required to perform the job Selection procedures are not carried out through standard pattern and steps in this. Process can vary from organization to organization some steps performed and considered important by one organization can be skipped by other organization Recruitment and Selection Process in Nuvista Pharma Ltd. Recruitment and Selection Policy: Recruitment and selection decisions significantly affect the Company’s ability to meet its business planning needs and strategic objectives. It is important to invest time and energy into recruiting high caliber staff. The process is two-way; not only are appointment committee members assessing the best person for the position but applicants are also deciding whether the Company is an organization they wish to work in. The costs of a poor selection decision are substantial and often extend over many years. The Company is committed to a systematic approach to recruitment and selection in order to attract, select and appoint the best staff through a fair and merit based process. Senior managers are accountable for ensuring compliance with the Company’s recruitment and selection policy and processes. It is essential that all staff involved in these processes be given the opportunity to become fully familiar with them. This will maximize their effectiveness and ensure that the Company recruits quality staff on a consistent basis. It will also ensure that recruitment and selection practices reflect our Equal Employment Opportunity Policy and the framework of relevant employment legislation. Company’s recruitment and selection process is the best way to achieve success in the business world. According to Dr. Stuart Greenfield, contributor to the American Society for Public Administration, implementing more effective processes to recruit candidates and select the best and the brightest will improve one’s ability to meet one’s organization’s human resource needs. Scope This policy and procedure applies to continuing appointments and normally to fixed term appointments in excess of one year, but may be appropriate in other circumstances. Purpose †¢ To ensure a consistent, fair and merit based approach in accordance with Equal Opportunity Policy and relevant employment legislation To meet or exceed business planning needs and strategic objectives †¢ To maximize the effectiveness of the University’s recruitment and selection practices. Recruitment Process The recruitment process in Nuvista Pharma involves identifying the vacancies, preparing the job description and person specification, advertising, managing the response, short-listing, arranging intervi ews, conducting interviews, decision making, convey the decision and appointment action. This means that a lot of time and resources have to be invested before the right candidate is selected. This Process starts with the Job analysis. After Job analysis, they find out the job description that they search from Job incumbent A job description must be returned with the ‘Approval to fill vacancy’ form. Posts will not be advertised without a Job Description. The purpose of job descriptions is to provide clarity as to the scope, purpose, content that the post covers and the range of competence required to be able to fulfils the post. They go through the Job advertisement, CV collection, Initial Scrutiny, Interview Calling and short listing the Candidates. Job Advertisement: For job advertisement they specially consider the pre sated format of web advertisement. They take the service of Job websites like www. bdjobs. com www. prothomalo-jobs. com. In case of paper advertisement, they only go for it when they hire Sales Representative for their all depose in all districts. From Job advertisement they get huge responses from the required candidate. They collect the CV from this website and through mail. CV Collection: The recruitment process includes a written test to judge particular skills of a candidate. A lot can be judged about the candidate from his CV. A proper presentation of his CV in an organized and refined manner speaks a lot about the individual. His mindset and attitude can be judged according to his CV. After collecting the CV they take a scruitining process in CV evolution. Better, experienced and candidates with specific skills and attributes are short listed initially for the interview. Interview Call: Next come to the interview, which is an important and crucial part of the recruitment process. They call the interview via phone. This is also a Telephonic Interview. The HR Department calls the candidate for interview from the pre selected CV’s. From the Telephonic Interview, they also make a judgment. For interview they select an Interview committee for take interview properly. Concerns like the location of the interview, the time table, the structure of the question strategy, style of taking the interview are decided beforehand so that nothing is left out and all the issues are properly addressed. Short List: After a successful Interview session, they make a Short List of successful Candidates from which they call the candidates for further selection process. Selection Process Selecting a suitable candidate can be the biggest challenge for any organization. The success of a organization largely depends on its staff. Selection of  the right candidate builds the foundation of any organizations success and helps in reducing turnovers. Though there is no fool proof selection procedure that will ensure low turnover and high profits, Nuvista Pharma Ltd generally follows the following steps – Viva: This is generally the starting point of any employee selection process. Pre selected applicants are called for the Viva. The Interview team consisting the HR Dept Representative, Department Head, and others managers are taking the Viva of pre selected successful candidates from interview. Final Viva: It helps them in obtaining more information about the prospective employee. It also helps them in interacting with the candidate and judging his communication abilities, his ease of handling pressure etc. The HR Directors Specific Department Heads taking the final viva of the successful candidate. After successful completion of Final Viva, the successful candidate finally selects by the company for further process. Application Form A candidate who passes the final viva and is found to be eligible for the job is asked to fill in a formal application form. Such a form is designed in a way that it records the personal as well professional details of the prospective employee. Checking References Most application forms include a section that requires prospective candidates to put down names of a few references. References can be classified into former employer, former customers, business references, reputable persons. Such references are contacted to get a feedback on the person in question including his behavior, skills, conduct etc. Credit Checks Nuvista checks the financial condition of a prospective employee. If a person faces the burden of  heavy loan or debt, it would want to know that. Physical Examination If all goes well, then at this stage, a physical examination is conducted to make sure that the candidate enjoys sound health and does not suffer from any serious ailment. Job Offer A candidate who clears all the steps is finally considered right for a particular job and is presented with the job offer. An applicant can be dropped at any given stage if considered unfit for the job. Only after successfully clearing all the hurdles, an applicant can enjoy the feeling of being selected for a particular job in Nuvista Phrama Ltd. Conclusion Workforce planning is vital if a business is to meet its future demands for staff. It allows a business time to train existing staff to take on new responsibilities and to recruit new staff to fill vacancies or to meet skill shortages. Successful businesses realize one of their most important assets is their workforce. Developing a strong, capable employee roster requires a recruitment and selection process that identifies strong candidates both inside and outside the company.

Informative Speech free essay sample

What if a speaker had an important topic that they needed to get across to their audience? How would the speaker go about It and what type of speech would the speaker choose. Well chapter 13 contents the creative process for Informative speaking. What informative speaking is how to choose a focused informative topic, how to conduct a research and informative outline? The chapter also contains how to organize the body, introduction, and conclusion of the informative speech. Lastly chapter 13 contents explain how to prepare to present the speech and evaluate and informative speech.In order to make a well Informative speech the speaker needs to be logical and purposeful. There are five steps to achieve a well-spoken speech. The first step Is starting, then researching, next is creating, presenting, and listening and evaluating. Part of starting a informative speech will be knowing what an informative speech is. The informative speech is giving audience completely new knowledge, skills, or understanding about a topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As well increases current knowledge, skills, or understanding.Most informative speeches also describe, explain, or Instruct. An Inform speech can also report. Next the way that a speaker starts their speech Is getting to know the audience and situation. By knowing the place a speaker will most likely be able to determine what subject to speak on. The audience will let the speaker know what Information to give base on culture, ideals, and different traits. When figuring this out the next step for a speaker is to create an idea bank. This is Just a list of broad ideas that could describe, explain, or demonstrate.The way to create an idea bank Is use a sheet of paper In order to free associate, evaluate the speech assignment or speaking event or clues, and then make a list of potential topics that lean toward a specific purpose. From there just narrow the topic down to something that fits the audience and place. Now that the speaker has chosen the topic the speaker needs to determine if the informative speech is going to describe, explain, or instruct. Finally choose the specific purpose and central idea.These two help the speaker stay on topic while giving the audience the objective for the speech. Now that the speaker has figured out what type of speech they want to present they can create a working outline. The outline should take a few minutes to construct. This will guide the speaker research. Now the working outline is only a rough outline. In this outline the speaker might use question for the main points and later use sentences for the preparation outline. After the working outline is complete the speaker is ready to conduct research.When researching the speaker wants to find material the will make the audience want to listen and learn. The speaker should select material that have a language level appropriate, something that will interest the audience, and if the topic is employ make sure to find multiple perspectives and means because everyone learns differently. The speaker should use the internet, library, newspapers, magazines, and personal knowledge in order to create their speech. Now that the speaker knows the topic it Is time for them to construct the will typically end with a source page.When making the outline a speaker needs to know how to organize the body of an informative speech. First the speaker needs to understand that an informative speech utilize chronological, topical, spatial, imperative, order of intensity, problem-solution, or causal strategy. Next a speaker must commit to a strategy and construct main points. Finally the speaker should organize the support materials. The way to organize the material will be under a point or sub point depending on the strategy being used. When preparing to present the speech a speaker must consider what language to use.Language is important because it creates meaning, helps the audience learn and remember, and if the language creates pictures some people can learn better that way. Next the speaker needs to look at their delivery and practice. Since different people learn in different ways a presentation aid can help build redundancy, gain and keep the audiences attention, summarize large portion of information, and build credibility. Lastly the speaker souls evaluate an informative speech. The way to do this is listen effectively, evaluate the message that the speaker was trying to get across and evaluate the presentation.Discussion Chapter 13 provides the students with information about how to develop an effective informative speech. By knowing your audience and their situation, you will be able to pick an informative topic beneficial and appropriate to your class. It also allows the speaker to get an idea of how their audience will react, and what questions they need to prepare for the after-speech discussion session. Knowing the situation also allows them to decide how to set up their presentation to fit the environment. Question Explain the five steps to the creative process for informative speaking? Explain the different categorize of informative Informative Speech free essay sample The time and hard work put into building this fantastical must be recognized. In this speech I will take you on a magical journey through the history making and development of this ravishing park. In 1964 Walt Disney began secretly buying millions Of dollars worth Of Central Florida farmland (History). The amount of land purchased ranges from five thousand acres to twenty thousand acres at a time. They were sold a remarkably high prices. Many thought the person buying this land was Howard Hughes while others thought it was the space program (History).For this large piece of land, Mr.. Disney had a vision, he wanted it to be the place where everyone would come and never grow up. He wanted an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow He wanted to Plus It! , or make it better than Disneyland in California (Theme park History: A Short History of Walt). When other entrepreneurs found out (owners of hotel chains and restaurants) they started buying spots near and around the site for the soon to be Disney World. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They all wanted in on the great riches that would be earned from the anxious visitors to this Fantasy Land.Walt Disney died on December 15th 1966, 5 years before the opening of his park. But, his brother, Roy O. Disney continued his vision of Disney World. The building of the park was a two year construction effort that employed nine thousand people. The total cost of this project by its October 1 971 opening was 400 million dollars. By the end of the first two years after the opening of the Magic Kingdom, thirteen thousand people were employed and over twenty million visited the park. (History) Other parks and attractions started moving near the park too.Swearword, an aquatic based park, came around in about the year 1973. As the things around it continued to grow, so did Disney World. The production and building rates were faster than ever. PEPCO, also known as the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow, was added in 1987 and Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney Hollow. Todd Studios) was also added as a plus it! in 1989 (History). The jungle based park, Animal Kingdom, was then added. This park had animal themed attractions that drew in many young children and teens.In 1990, Universal Studios opened its doors. This park expanded Disney even more, bringing in more visitors, which led to more money for more attractions. The new money earned built Islands of Adventure, a second theme park including attractions dedicated to Dry. Issues, Marvel comics, and Jurassic Park (History). These two parks were focused on different movies, shows, or characters, either under the Disney Company or other big name companies linked to Disney. Fast forward to September 1 1, 2001.This is the day the planes crashed Into the twin towers, or 9/1 1 as most call it. This devastating attack impacted Disney and other tourism places greatly. The attack brought down the ours economy drastically, money was very short and building slowed. Many were afraid to travel so that meant less visitors to the attractions. This major disinflation in the economy lasted for two years. Right after these two years three hurricanes hit Central Florida. This continued the disinflation in the tourist economy.This also closed Cypress Creek but it was soon after rebuilt as LEGEND, which was preparing for its debut on March 20th (History). Nevertheless, the building continued, more attractions were being added to the different parks, from Fear Factor at Swearword, to Soaring Over California at PEPCO. Animal Kingdom also added a ride in 2006 called Expedition Everest, a ride based on Mount Everest, showing you what its like to go down the great mountain. A year after this, the famous Castle from Cinderella was unveiled.This attracted many small children, some were even lucky enough to be able to stay a night in the famous Castle. The Castle is located in the middle of the Magic Kingdom, where you are very likely to meet Cinderella and the Prince. While building the park, the engineers, or builders at Disney World came up with the hidden Mackey game. While walking through the park you must count the amount of hidden Mackey heads you find in the park. They can be hidden in the shapes of walls food, plants, etc.This game has been played for many years by visitors of all ages. It started out as a joke to the engineers as they were building and thinking up new technology, it made the job even more interesting and fun than it already was. Building the attractions took a lot of work and thought. The engineers had to think of different means of technology needed to accomplish their goal. They also had to think of the efferent Disney stories and themes and how they would be incorporated in the different attractions and rides at the park.There were many long hours of thought and precision put into the building and engineering of this wonderful park, it did not just come from a few doodles. All in All, Disney World has been through a lot since its debut in the year 1 971. From its original founder, Walt Disney, passing to the disinflation in the tourist economy Disney still managed to hold up. From this bad also came good, Roy Disney saw many more opportunities for Disney World and after the inflation, more rides and attractions were added, and some still are being added and thought up at this very moment. Informative Speech free essay sample Once the push bar of the scooter-like contraption was broken off, skateboarding was born. No one really know who invented the first skateboard because at the time in the 1950s a lot of people had the same idea and a lot of people were coming out with their own versions of a skateboard. Know a day’s there are a lot of different types of skateboards there is the regular short board it has a concave body style they use them to do difficult tricks and you see a lot of people doing stunts on them. Then there is the long board its another version of a skateboard and its longer they give you the feeling of gliding like your surfing their basically surf boards on wheels that you can use on land and then we also have what we call the slalom boards those are what a lot of racers use they can go up to 30 and 40 m/h and then their is electric boards their battery based so if you don’t want to push or do anything but steer the skateboard you have that option know. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ever since skateboarding was invented it has been through a lot of ups and downs in the beginning it was a huge success until about 1965 a slew of so-called safety experts pronounced skateboarding unsafe because of its rough body style and the fact they used clay for the wheels so there were a lot of accidents then in 1973 the urethane wheel was invented revolutionizing the sport. The new wheels provided much better traction and speed and, combined with the new skateboard specific trucks; it allowed skaters to push the difficulty of maneuvers to new levels. Tricks at this time consisted of surfing maneuvers done on flat ground or on banks. Then in 1976 Alan Gelfand, nicknamed Ollie, was the one who invented the Ollie an Ollie consist of a gentle rising of the nose and scooping motion to keep the board with the feet. The purpose and functionality of a skateboard at first it was used for recreational uses and fun but know with the high gas prizes a lot of people are using them for close proximity transportation and you can actually work as a professional skater. Today a pro can make anywhere from $1,000 to $10,000 a month. These earning are based on winnings, depending on how well a skater places in any given competition and how many competitions a skater competes. I hope this speech has informed you about the history and variations of skateboards as well as its functionality and purposes. Informative Speech free essay sample What if a speaker had an important topic that they needed to get across to their audience? How would the speaker go about it and what type of speech would the speaker choose. Well chapter 13 contents the creative process for informative speaking. What informative speaking is how to choose a focused informative topic, how to conduct a research and informative outline? The chapter also contains how to organize the body, introduction, and conclusion of the informative speech. Lastly chapter 13 contents explain how to prepare to present the speech and evaluate and informative speech. In order to make a well informative speech the speaker needs to be logical and purposeful. There are five steps to achieve a well-spoken speech. The first step is starting, then researching, next is creating, presenting, and listening and evaluating. Part of starting a informative speech will be knowing what an informative speech is. The informative speech is giving audience completely new knowledge, skills, or understanding about a topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page as well increases current knowledge, skills, or understanding. Most informative speeches also describe, explain, or instruct. An inform speech can also report. Next the way that a speaker starts their speech is getting to know the audience and situation. By knowing the place a speaker will most likely be able to determine what subject to speak on. The audience will let the speaker know what information to give base on culture, ideals, and different traits. When figuring this out the next step for a speaker is to create an idea bank. This is just a list of broad ideas that could describe, explain, or demonstrate. The way to create an idea bank is use a sheet of paper in order to free associate, evaluate the speech assignment or speaking event for clues, and then make a list of potential topics that lean toward a specific purpose. From there just narrow the topic down to something that fits the audience and place. Now that the speaker has chosen the topic the speaker needs to determine if the informative speech is going to describe, explain, or instruct. Finally choose the specific purpose and central idea. These two help the speaker stay on topic while giving the audience the objective for the speech. Now that the speaker has figured out what type of speech they want to present they can create a working outline. The outline should take a few minutes to construct. This will guide the speaker research. Now the working outline is only a rough outline. In this outline the speaker might use question for the main points and later use sentences for the preparation outline. After the working outline is complete the speaker is ready to conduct research. When researching the speaker wants to find material the will make the audience want to listen and learn. The speaker should select material that have a language level appropriate, something that will interest the audience, and if the topic is complex make sure to find multiple perspectives and means because everyone learns differently. The speaker should use the internet, library, newspapers, magazines, and personal knowledge in order to create their speech. Now that the speaker knows the topic it is time for them to construct the informative outline. This outline is structured and includes complete sentences and will typically end with a source page. When making the outline a speaker needs to know how to organize the body of an informative speech. first the speaker needs to understand that an informative speech utilize chronological, topical, spatial, comparative, order of intensity, problem-solution, or causal strategy. Next a speaker must commit to a strategy and construct main points. Finally the speaker should organize the support materials. The way to organize the material will be under a point or sub point depending on the strategy being used. When preparing to present the speech a speaker must consider what language to use. Language is important because it creates meaning, helps the audience learn and remember, and if the language creates pictures some people can learn better that way. Next the speaker needs to look at their delivery and practice. Since different people learn in different ways a presentation aid can help build redundancy, gain and keep the audience’s attention, summarize large portion of information, and build credibility. Lastly the speaker sould evaluate an informative speech. the way to do this is listen effectively, evaluate the message that the speaker was trying to get across and evaluate the presentation. Discussion Chapter 13 provides the students with information about how to develop an effective informative speech. By knowing your audience and their situation, you will be able to pick an informative topic beneficial and appropriate to your class. It also allows the speaker to get an idea of how their audience will react, and what questions they need to prepare for the after-speech discussion session. Knowing the situation also allows them to decide how to set up their presentation to fit the environment. Question Explain the five steps to the creative process for informative speaking? Explain the different categorize of informative

AP Lit Vocab Essays

AP Lit Vocab Essays AP Lit Vocab Paper AP Lit Vocab Paper Essay Topic: A Raisin in the Sun A. E. Housman Poems Anne Sexton Poems Christina Rossetti Poems Elizabeth Bishop Poems Ezra Pound Poems George Herbert Poems Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Poems Jonathan Swift Poems Keats Poems and Letters Lycidas Phillis Wheatley Poems Poes Poetry Poes Short Stories Poetry Seamus Heaney Poems The Complete Poems of William Blake The Convergence Of the Twain The Faerie Queene The Poetry of Dh Lawrence The Poetry Of Robert Penn Warren The Rime of the Ancient Mariner The Sonnets of John Milton Thomas Gray Poems Thomas Hardy Poems Wallace Stevens Poems William Carlos Williams Poems Accentual Verse Verse whose meter is determined by the number of stressed (accented) syllables- regardless of the total number of syllables- in each line. Many Old English poems, including Beowulf, are accentual; see Ezra Pounds modern translation of The Seafarer. More recently, Richard Wilbur employed this same Anglo-Saxon meter in his poem Junk. Traditional nursery rhymes, such as Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, are often accentual. Accentual-Syllabic Verse Verse whose meter is determined by the number and alternation of its stressed and unstressed syllables, organized into feet. From line to line, the number of stresses (accents) may vary, but the total number of syllables within each line is fixed. The majority of English poems from the Renaissance to the 19th century are written according to this metrical system. Alexandrine In English, a 12-syllable iambic line adapted from French heroic verse. The last line of each stanza in Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain and Percy Bysshe Shelleys To a Skylark is an alexandrine. Allegory An extended metaphor in which the characters, places, and objects in a narrative carry figurative meaning. Often an allegorys meaning is religious, moral, or historical in nature. John Bunyans The Pilgrims Progress and Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene are two major allegorical works in English. Alliteration The repetition of initial stressed, consonant sounds in a series of words within a phrase or verse line. Alliteration need not reuse all initial consonants; pizza and place alliterate. Example: We saw the sea sound sing, we heard the salt sheet tell, from Dylan Thomass Lie Still, Sleep Becalmed. Browse poems with alliteration. Allusion A brief, intentional reference to a historical, mythic, or literary person, place, event, or movement. The Waste Land, T. S. Eliots influential long poem is dense with allusions. The title of Seamus Heaneys autobiographical poem Singing School alludes to a line from W.B. Yeatss Sailing to Byzantium (Nor is there singing school but studying /Monuments of its own magnificence). Browse poems with allusions. Anapest A metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by an accented syllable. The words underfoot and overcome are anapestic. Lord Byrons The Destruction of Sennacherib is written in anapestic meter. Anaphora The repetition of a word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines. See Paul Muldoons As, William Blakes The Tyger, or much of Walt Whitmans poetry, including I Sing the Body Electric. Anthropomorphism A form of personification in which human qualities are attributed to anything inhuman, usually a god, animal, object, or concept. In Vachel Lindsays What the Rattlesnake Said, for example, a snake describes the fears of his imagined prey. John Keats admires a stars loving watchfulness (with eternal lids apart) in his sonnet Bright Star, Would I Were as Steadfast as Thou Art. Apostrophe An address to a dead or absent person, or personification as if he or she were present. In his Holy Sonnet Death, be not proud, John Donne denies deaths power by directly admonishing it. Emily Dickinson addresses her absent object of passion in Wild nights!- Wild nights! Archetype A basic model from which copies are made; a prototype. According to psychologist Carl Jung, archetypes emerge in literature from the collective unconscious of the human race. Northrop Frye, in his Anatomy of Criticism, explores archetypes as the symbolic patterns that recur within the world of literature itself. In both approaches, archetypical themes include birth, death, sibling rivalry, and the individual versus society. Archetypes may also be images or characters, such as the hero, the lover, the wanderer, or the matriarch. Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds without repeating consonants; sometimes called vowel rhyme. See Amy Lowells In a Garden (With its leaping, and deep, cool murmur) or The Taxi (And shout into the ridges of the wind). Browse poems with assonance. Aubade A love poem or song welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn. The form originated in medieval France. See John Donnes The Sun Rising and Louise Bogans Leave-Taking. Browse more aubade poems. Ballad A popular narrative song passed down orally. In the English tradition, it usually follows a form of rhymed (abcb) quatrains alternating fours of this literary ballad form include John Keatss La Belle Dame sans Merci, Thomas Hardys During Wind and Rain, and Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee. Browse more ballads. Blank verse Unrhyming iambic pentameter, also called heroic verse. This 10-syllable line is the predominant rhythm of traditional English dramatic and epic poetry, as it is considered the closest to English speech patterns. Poems such as John Miltons Paradise Lost, Robert Brownings dramatic monologues, and Wallace Stevenss Sunday Morning, are written predominantly in blank verse. Browse more blank verse poems. Cacophony Harsh or discordant word sounds; the opposite of euphony. See dissonance. Cadence The patterning of rhythm in natural speech, or in poetry without a distinct meter (i.e., free verse). Caesura A stop or pause in a metrical line, often marked by punctuation or by a grammatical boundary, such as a phrase or clause. A medial caesura splits the line in equal parts, as is common in Old English poetry (see Beowulf). Medial caesurae (plural of caesura) can be found throughout contemporary poet Derek Walcotts The Bounty. When the pause occurs toward the beginning or end of the line, it is termed, respectively, initial or terminal. Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Mother and Poet contains both initial (Dead! One of them shot by sea in the east) and terminal caesurae (No voice says My mother again to me. What?) Canon A list of authors or works considered to be central to the identity of a given literary tradition or culture. This secular use of the word is derived from its original meaning as a listing of all authorized books in the Bible. William Shakespeare, John Milton, and William Blake are frequently found on lists of canonical literature in English. Canto A long subsection of an epic or long narrative poem, such as Dante Alighieris Commedia (The Divine Comedy), first employed in English by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene. Other examples include Lord Byrons Don Juan and Ezra Pounds Cantos. Chiasmus Repetition of any group of verse elements (including rhyme and grammatical structure) in reverse order, such as the rhyme scheme ABBA. Examples can be found in Biblical scripture (But many that are first / Shall be last, / And many that are last / Shall be first; Matthew 19:30). See also John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn (Beauty is truth, truth beauty). Circumlocution A roundabout wording, such as Samuel Taylor Coleridges twice five miles of fertile ground (i.e., 10 miles) in Kubla Khan. Also known as periphrasis. Common Measure A quatrain that rhymes ABAB and alternates four-stress and three-stress iambic lines. It is the meter of the hymn and the ballad. Many of Emily Dickinsons poems are written in common measure, including [It was not death, for I stood up]. See also Robert Haydens The Ballad of Nat Turner and Elinor Wylies A Crowded Trolley Car. See also Poulters measure and fourteener. Browse more common measure poems. Complaint A poem of lament, often directed at an ill-fated love, as in Henry Howards Complaint of the Absence of Her Love Being upon the Sea, or Sir Philip Sidneys Astrophel and Stella XXXI. A complaint may also be a satiric attack on social injustice and immorality; in The Lie, Sir Walter Ralegh bitterly rails against institutional hypocrisy and human vanity (Tell men of high condition, / That manage the estate, / Their purpose is ambition, / Their practice only hate.). Conceit From the Latin term for concept, a poetic conceit is an often unconventional, logically complex, or surprising metaphor whose delights are more intellectual than sensual. Petrarchan (after the Italian poet Petrarch) conceits figure heavily in sonnets, and contrast more conventional sensual imagery to describe the experience of love. In Shakespeares Sonnet XCVII: How like a Winter hath my Absence been, for example, What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! laments the lover, though his separation takes place in the fertile days of summer and fall. Less conventional, more esoteric associations characterize the metaphysical conceit. John Donne and other so-called metaphysical poets [link to glossary term] used conceits to fuse the sensory and the abstract, trading on the element of surprise and unlikeness to hold the readers attention. In A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, for instance, John Donne envisions two entwined lovers as the points of a compass. (For more on Donnes conceits, see Stephen Burts Poem Guide on John Donnes The Sun Rising.) Concrete poetry Verse that emphasizes nonlinguistic elements in its meaning, such as a typeface that creates a visual image of the topic. Examples include George Herberts Easter Wings and The Altar and George Starbucks Poem in the Shape of a Potted Christmas Tree. Browse more concrete poems. Confessional poetry Vividly self-revelatory verse associated with a number of American poets writing in the 1950s and 1960s, including Robert Lowell, W.D. Snodgrass, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and John Berryman. The term was first used by M.L. Rosenthal in a 1959 review of Life Studies, the collection in which Robert Lowell revealed his struggles with mental illness and a troubled marriage. Read an interview with Snodgrass in which he addresses his work and the work of others associated with confessionalism. Browse more poets who wrote confessional poems. Connotation there was a connotation of distrust in his voice: overtone, undertone, undercurrent, implication, hidden meaning, nuance, hint, echo, vibrations, association, intimation, suggestion, suspicion, insinuation. Consonance A resemblance in sound between two words, or an initial rhyme (see also Alliteration). Consonance can also refer to shared consonants, whether in sequence (bed and bad) or reversed (bud and dab). Browse poems with consonance. Controlling metaphor controlling metaphors: Metaphors that dominate or organize an entire poem. For example, metaphors of movement structure John Donne ´s A Valediction Forbidding Mourning (1633). couplet couplet: A pair of lines, almost always rhyming, that form a unit. dactyl A metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables; the words poetry and basketball are both dactylic. Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade is written in dactylic meter. (See also double dactyl.) dead metaphor A dead metaphor is a metaphor which has lost the original imagery of its meaning owing to extensive, repetitive popular usage. flowerbed head teacher forerunner to run for office to lose face to lend a hand to broadcast pilot originally meant the rudder of a boat. flair originally meant a sweet smell. a computer mouse denotation denotation: The direct and literal meaning of a word or phrase (as distinct from its implication). Compare connotation. dimeter A line of verse composed of two feet. Some go local / Some go express / Some cant wait / To answer Yes, writes Muriel Rukeyser in her poem Yes, in which the dimeter line predominates. Kay Ryans Blandeur contains this series of mostly dimeter lines: Even out Earths rondure, flatten Eiger, blanden the Grand Canyon. Make valleys slightly higher, widen fissures to arable land, remand your terrible glaciers dirge A brief hymn or song of lamentation and grief; it was typically composed to be performed at a funeral. In lyric poetry, a dirge tends to be shorter and less meditative than an elegy. See Christina Rossettis A Dirge and Sir Philip Sidneys Ring Out Your Bells. dissonance A disruption of harmonic sounds or rhythms. Like cacophony, it refers to a harsh collection of sounds; dissonance is usually intentional, however, and depends more on the organization of sound for a jarring effect, rather than on the unpleasantness of individual words. Gerard Manley Hopkinss use of fixed stresses and variable unstressed syllables, combined with frequent assonance, consonance, and monosyllabic words, has a dissonant effect. See these lines from Carrion Comfort: Why? That my chaff might fly; my grain lie, sheer and clear. Nay in all that toil, that coil, since (seems) I kissed the rod, Hand rather, my heart lo! lapped strength, stole joy, would laugh, cheer. doggerel Bad verse traditionally characterized by clichà ©s, clumsiness, and irregular meter. It is often unintentionally humorous. The giftedly bad William McGonagall was an accomplished doggerelist, as demonstrated in The Tay Bridge Disaster: It must have been an awful sight, To witness in the dusky moonlight, While the Storm Fiend did laugh, and angry did bray, Along the Railway Bridge of the Silvry Tay, Oh! ill-fated Bridge of the Silvry Tay, I must now conclude my lay By telling the world fearlessly without the least dismay, That your central girders would not have given way, At least many sensible men do say, Had they been supported on each side with buttresses, At least many sensible men confesses, For the stronger we our houses do build, The less chance we have of being killed. dramatic monologue A poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader. Examples include Robert Brownings My Last Duchess, T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, and Ais Killing Floor. A lyric may also be addressed to someone, but it is short and songlike and may appear to address either the reader or the poet. Browse more dramatic monologue poems. elegy In traditional English poetry, it is often a melancholy poem that laments its subjects death but ends in consolation. Examples include John Miltons Lycidas; Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam; and Walt Whitmans When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd. More recently, Peter Sacks has elegized his father in Natal Command, and Mary Jo Bang has written You Were You Are Elegy and other poems for her son. In the 18th century the elegiac stanza emerged, though its use has not been exclusive to elegies. It is a quatrain with the rhyme scheme ABAB written in iambic pentameter. Browse more elegies. elision The omission of unstressed syllables (e.g., ere for ever, tother for the other), usually to fit a metrical scheme. What dire offence from amrous causes springs, goes the first line of Alexander Popes The Rape of the Lock, in which amorous is elided to amrous to establish the pentameter (five-foot) line. ellipsis In poetry, the omission of words whose absence does not impede the readers ability to understand the expression. For example, Shakespeare makes frequent use of the phrase I will away in his plays, with the missing verb understood to be go. T.S. Eliot employs ellipsis in the following passage from Preludes: You curled the papers from your hair, Or clasped the yellow soles of feet In the palms of both soiled hands. The possessive your is left out in the second and third lines, but it can be assumed that the woman addressed by the speaker is clasping the soles of her own feet with her own hands. end-stopped A metrical line ending at a grammatical boundary or break- such as a dash or closing parenthesis- or with punctuation such as a colon, a semicolon, or a period. A line is considered end-stopped, too, if it contains a complete phrase. Many of Alexander Popes couplets are end-stopped, as in this passage from An Essay on Man: Epistle I: Then say not mans imperfect, Heavn in fault; Say rather, mans as perfect as he ought: His knowledge measurd to his state and place, His time a moment, and a point his space. If to be perfect in a certain sphere, What matter, soon or late, or here or there? The blest today is as completely so, As who began a thousand years ago. The opposite of an end-stopped line is an enjambed line. enjambment The running-over of a sentence or phrase from one poetic line to the next, without terminal punctuation; the opposite of end-stopped. William Carlos Williamss Between Walls is one sentence broken into 10 enjambed lines: the back wings of the hospital where nothing will grow lie cinders in which shine the broken pieces of a green bottle epic A long narrative poem in which a heroic protagonist engages in an action of great mythic or historical significance. Notable English epics include Beowulf, Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene (which follows the virtuous exploits of 12 knights in the service of the mythical King Arthur), and John Miltons Paradise Lost, which dramatizes Satans fall from Heaven and humankinds subsequent alienation from God in the Garden of Eden. epigram A pithy, often witty, poem. See Walter Savage Landors Dirce, [link to archived poem] Ben Jonsons On Gut, [link to archived poem] or much of the work of J.V. Cunningham [link to poet page]: This Humanist whom no beliefs constrained Grew so broad-minded he was scatter-brained. epigraph A quotation from another literary work that is placed beneath the title at the beginning of a poem or section of a poem. For example, Grace Schulmans American Solitude opens with a quote from an essay by Marianne Moore. Lines from Phillis Wheatleys On Being Brought from Africa to America preface Alfred Corns Sugar Cane. epitaph A short poem intended for (or imagined as) an inscription on a tombstone and often serving as a brief elegy. See Robert Herricks Upon a Child That Died and Upon Ben Jonson; Ben Jonsons Epitaph on Elizabeth, L. H.; and Epitaph for a Romantic Woman by Louise Bogan. figure of speech An expressive, nonliteral use of language. Figures of speech include tropes (such as hyperbole, irony, metaphor, and simile) and schemes (anything involving the ordering and organizing of words- anaphora, antithesis, and chiasmus, for example). Browse all terms related to figures of speech. figurative language Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you are using figurative language. Simile A simile uses the words like or as to compare one object or idea with another to suggest they are alike. Example: busy as a bee Metaphor The metaphor states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use of comparison. A simile would say you are like something; a metaphor is more positive it says you are something. Example: You are what you eat. Personification A figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an animal or an object. Example: My teddy bear gave me a hug. Alliteration The repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds in a series of words. Alliteration includes tongue twisters. Example: She sells seashells by the seashore. Onomatopoeia The use of a word to describe or imitate a natural sound or the sound made by an object or an action. Example: snap crackle pop Hyperbole An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true. Tall tales are hyperboles. Example: He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all. Idioms According to Websters Dictionary, an idiom is defined as: peculiar to itself either grammatically (as no, it wasnt me) or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements. Example: Monday week for the Monday a week after next Monday Clichà ©s A clichà © is an expression that has been used so often that it has become trite and sometimes boring. Example: Many hands make light work. foot The basic unit of measurement of accentual-syllabic meter. A foot usually contains one stressed syllable and at least one unstressed syllable. The standard types of feet in English poetry are the iamb, trochee, dactyl, anapest, spondee, and pyrrhic (two unstressed syllables) found poem A prose text or texts reshaped by a poet into quasi-metrical lines. Fragments of found poetry may appear within an original poem as well. Portions of Ezra Pounds Cantos are found poetry, culled from historical letters and government documents. Charles Olson created his poem There Was a Youth whose Name Was Thomas Granger using a report from William Bradfords History of Plymouth Plantation. free verse Nonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech. A regular pattern of sound or rhythm may emerge in free-verse lines, but the poet does not adhere to a metrical plan in their composition. Matthew Arnold and Walt Whitman explored the possibilities of nonmetrical poetry in the 19th century. Since the early 20th century, the majority of published lyric poetry has been written in free verse. See the work of William Carlos Williams, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and H.D. Browse more free-verse poems. haiku A Japanese verse form of three unrhyming lines in five, seven, and five syllables. It creates a single, memorable image, as in these lines by Kobayashi Issa, translated by Jane Hirshfield: On a branch floating downriver a cricket, singing. (In translating from Japanese to English, Hirshfield compresses the number of syllables.) See also Three Haiku, Two Tanka by Philip Appleman and Robert Hasss After the Gentle Poet Kobayashi Issa. The Imagist poets of the early 20th century, including Ezra Pound and H.D., showed appreciation for the forms linguistic and sensory economy; Pounds In a Station of the Metro embodies the spirit of haiku. Browse more haiku. heptameter A meter made up of seven feet and usually 14 syllables total (see Fourteener). George Chapmans translation of Homers the Iliad is written in heptameter, as is Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee. See also Poulters measure. hexameter A metrical line of six feet, most often dactylic, and found in Classical Latin or Greek poetry, including Homers Iliad. In English, an iambic hexameter line is also known as an alexandrine. Only a few poets have written in dactylic hexameter, including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in the long poem Evangeline: hymn A poem praising God or the divine, often sung. In English, the most popular hymns were written between the 17th and 19th centuries. See Isaac Wattss Our God, Our Help, Charles Wesleys My God! I Know, I Feel Thee Mine, and Thou Hidden Love of God by John Wesley. hyperbole A figure of speech composed of a striking exaggeration. For example, see James Tates lines She scorched you with her radiance or He was more wronged than Job. Hyperbole usually carries the force of strong emotion iamb A metrical foot consisting of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. The words unite and provide are both iambic. It is the most common meter of poetry in English (including all the plays and poems of William Shakespeare), as it is closest to the rhythms of English speech. In Robert Frosts After Apple Picking the iamb is the vehicle for the natural, colloquial speech pattern: My long two-pointed ladders sticking through a tree Toward heaven still, And theres a barrel that I didnt fill Beside it, and there may be two or three Apples I didnt pick upon some bough. But I am done with apple-picking now. Essence of winter sleep is on the night, The scent of apples: I am drowsing off. imagery (sensory) Describing words! internal rhyme In poetry, internal rhyme, or middle rhyme, is rhyme that occurs within a single line of verse.[1] irony As a literary device, irony implies a distance between what is said and what is meant. Based on the context, the reader is able to see the implied meaning in spite of the contradiction. When William Shakespeare relates in detail how his lover suffers in comparison with the beauty of nature in My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun, it is understood that he is elevating her beyond these comparisons; considering her essence as a whole, and what she means to the speaker, she is more beautiful than nature. (titantic beauty vs. worms) italian sonnet Italian sonnet: An octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines); typically rhymed abbaabba cdecde, it has many variations that still reflect the basic division into two parts separated by a rhetorical turn of argument (e.g., see Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Sonnets from the Portuguese [1850]). lyric poetry Lyric poems typically express personal or emotional feelings and is traditionally the home of the present tense.[1] They have specific rhyming schemes and are often, but not always, set to music or a beat lyricism An artists expression of emotion in an imaginative and beautiful way; the quality of being lyrical. kenning A figurative compound word that takes the place of an ordinary noun. It is found frequently in Old Germanic, Norse, and English poetry, including The Seafarer, in which the ocean is called a whale-path. (See Ezra Pounds translation) light verse Whimsical poems taking forms such as limericks, nonsense poems, and double dactyls. See Edward Lears The Owl and the Pussy-Cat and Lewis Carrolls The Walrus and the Carpenter. Other masters of light verse include Dorothy Parker, G.K. Chesterton, John Hollander, and Wendy Cope. limerick A fixed light-verse form of five generally anapestic lines rhyming AABBA. Edward Lear, who popularized the form, fused the third and fourth lines into a single line with internal rhyme. Limericks are traditionally bawdy or just irreverent; see A Young Lady of Lynn or Lears There was an Old Man with a Beard. Browse more limericks. metaphor A comparison that is made directly (for example, John Keatss Beauty is truth, truth beauty from Ode on a Grecian Urn) or less directly (for example, Shakespeares marriage of two minds), but in any case without pointing out a similarity by using words such as like, as, or than. See Sylvia Plaths description of her dead father as Marble-heavy, a bag full of God in Daddy, or Emily Dickinsons Hope is the thing with feathers- / That perches in the soul- . Browse poems with developed metaphors. meter The rhythmical pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. The predominant meter in English poetry is accentual-syllabic. See also accentual meter, syllabic meter, and quantitative meter. Falling meter refers to trochees and dactyls (i.e., a stressed syllable followed by one or two unstressed syllables). Iambs and anapests (i.e., one or two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one) are called rising meter. See also foot. metonymy A figure of speech in which a related term is substituted for the word itself. Often the substitution is based on a material, causal, or conceptual relation between things. For example, the British monarchy is often referred to as the Crown. In the phrase lend me your ears, ears is substituted for attention. O, for a draught of vintage! exclaims the speaker in John Keatss Ode to Nightingale, with vintage understood to mean wine. Synecdoche is closely related to metonymy. motif A central or recurring image or action in a literary work that is shared by other works and may serve an overall theme. For example, the repeated questions of an ubi sunt poem compose a motif of the fleeting nature of life. Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and John Bunyans A Pilgrims Progress both feature the motif of a long journey. Motifs are sometimes described as expressions of a collective unconsciousness; see archetype. narrative poem Poetry that tells a story and is primarily characterized by linear, chronological description. negative capability A theory of John Keats, who suggested in one of his famous letters that a great thinker is capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason. A poet, then, has the power to bury self-consciousness, dwell in a state of openness to all experience, and identify with the object contemplated. See Keatss To Autumn. The inspirational power of beauty, according to Keats, is more important than the quest for objective fact; as he writes in his Ode on a Grecian Urn, Beauty is truth, truth beauty- that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. objective correlative T.S. Eliot used this phrase to describe a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion that the poet feels and hopes to evoke in the reader (Hamlet, 1919). There must be a positive connection between the emotion the poet is trying to express and the object, image, or situation in the poem that helps to convey that emotion to the reader. Eliot thus determined that Shakespeares play Hamlet was an artistic failure because Hamlets intense emotions overwhelmed the authors attempts to express them through an objective correlative. In other words, Eliot felt that Shakespeare was unable to provoke the audience to feel as Prince Hamlet did through images, actions, and characters, and instead only inadequately described his emotional state through the plays dialogue. Eliots theory of the objective correlative is closely related to the Imagist movement. objectivism A term coined by William Carlos Williams in 1930 that developed from his reading of Alfred North Whiteheads Science and the Modern World. He described it as looking at a poem with a special eye to its structural aspects, how it has been constructed. Louis Zukofsky expanded the term and attempted to articulate its principles when he guest-edited the February 1931 issue of Poetry. He included Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen, and Carl Rakosi. Later, the poet Lorine Niedecker was closely associated with this movement. These objectivist poets, Zukofsky noted, were Imagists rather than Symbolists; they were concerned with creating a poetic structure that could be perceived as a whole, rather than a series of imprecise but evocative images. For more on objectivism, read Peter OLearys feature, The Energies of Words. Browse Objectivist poets. occasional poem A poem written to describe or comment on a particular event and often written for a public reading. Alfred, Lord Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade commemorates a disastrous battle in the Crimean War. George Starbuck wrote Of Late after reading a newspaper account of a Vietnam War protesters suicide. Elizabeth Alexanders Praise Song for the Day was written for the inauguration of President Barack Obama. See also elegy, epithalamion, and ode. octave An eight-line stanza or poem. See ottava rima and triolet. The first eight lines of an Italian or Petrarchan sonnet are also called an octave. ode A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. Its stanza forms vary. The Greek or Pindaric (Pindar, ca. 552-442 B.C.E.) ode was a public poem, usually set to music, that celebrated athletic victories. (See Stephen Burts article And the Winner Is . . . Pindar!) English odes written in the Pindaric tradition include Thomas Grays The Progress of Poesy: A Pindaric Ode and William Wordsworths Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Reflections of Early Childhood. Horatian odes, after the Latin poet Horace (65-8 B.C.E.), were written in quatrains in a more philosophical, contemplative manner; see Andrew Marvells Horatian Ode upon Cromwells Return from Ireland. The Sapphic ode consists of quatrains, three 11-syllable lines, and a final five-syllable line, unrhyming but with a strict meter. See Algernon Charles Swinburnes Sapphics. The odes of the English Romantic poets vary in stanza form. They often address an intense emotion at the onset of a personal crisis (see Samuel Taylor Coleridges Dejection: An Ode,) or celebrate an object or image that leads to revelation (see John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, and To Autumn). Browse more odes. onomatopoeia A figure of speech in which the sound of a word imitates its sense (for example, choo-choo, hiss, or buzz). In Piano, D.H. Lawrence describes the boom of the tingling strings as his mother played the piano, mimicking the volume and resonance of the sound (boom) as well as the fine, high-pitched vibration of the strings that produced it (tingling strings) ottava rima Originally an Italian stanza of eight 11-syllable lines, with a rhyme scheme of ABABABCC. Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced the form in English, and Lord Byron adapted it to a 10-syllable line for his mock-epic Don Juan. W.B. Yeats used it for Among School Children and Sailing to Byzantium. Browse more ottava rima poems. panegyric A poem of effusive praise. Its origins are Greek, and it is closely related to the eulogy and the ode. See Ben Jonsons To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr. William Shakespeare or Anne Bradstreets In Honor of That High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth. paradox As a figure of speech, it is a seemingly self-contradictory phrase or concept that illuminates a truth. For instance, Wallace Stevens, in The Snow Man, describes the Nothing that is not there and the nothing that is. Alexander Pope, in An Essay on Man: Epistle II, describes Man as Great lord of all things, yet a prey to all. Paradox is related to oxymoron, which creates a new phrase or concept out of a contradiction. parody A comic imitation of another authors work or characteristic style. See Joan Murrays We Old Dudes, a parody of Gwendolyn Brookss We Real Cool. paraphrase summarize pastoral Verse in the tradition of Theocritus (3 BCE), who wrote idealized accounts of shepherds and their loves living simple, virtuous lives in Arcadia, a mountainous region of Greece. Poets writing in English drew on the pastoral tradition by retreating from the trappings of modernity to the imagined virtues and romance of rural life, as in Edmund Spensers The Shepheardes Calendar, Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, and Sir Walter Raleghs response, The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd. The pastoral poem faded after the European Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, but its themes persist in poems that romanticize rural life or reappraise the natural world; see Leonie Adamss Country Summer, Dylan Thomass Fern Hill, or Allen Ginsbergs Wales Visitation. Browse more pastoral poems. personification A figure of speech in which the poet describes an abstraction, a thing, or a nonhuman form as if it were a person. William Blakes O Rose, thou art sick! is one example; Donnes Death, be not proud is another. Gregory Corso quarrels with a series of personified abstractions in his poem The Whole Mess . . . Almost. Personification is often used in symbolic or allegorical poetry; for instance, the virtue of Justice takes the form of the knight Artegal in Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene. pathetic fallacy ascribes human, emotional qualities (feelings, thought, sensation) to inanimate objects, as if possessed of human awareness.[1] [2] As such, in the term pathetic fallacy, the word pathetic communicates feelings of two types, pathos (emotion) and empathy (capability of emotion). poetic device A poetic device is a language feature such as a simile, metaphor, pun etc. poetic devices or often called poetic methods can be a number of things used in a poem. Examples of poetic devices are. language, imagery, assonance, alliteration, metaphor, similie and there are many more. poetic inversion inversion, also called anastrophe, in literary style and rhetoric, the syntactic reversal of the normal order of the words and phrases in a sentence, as, in English, the placing of an adjective after the noun it modifies (the form divine), a verb before its subject (Came the dawn), or a noun preceding its preposition (worlds between). Inversion is most commonly used in poetry in which it may both satisfy the demands of the metre and achieve emphasis: In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure dome decree - (from Samuel Taylor Coleridges Kubla Khan) Inversion used simply for the sake of maintaining a rhyme scheme is considered a literary defect, although it is a common convention in folk ballads: quatrain A four-line stanza, rhyming -ABAC or ABCB (known as unbounded or ballad quatrain), as in Samuel Taylor Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. -AABB (a double couplet); see A.E. Housmans To an Athlete Dying Young. -ABAB (known as interlaced, alternate, or heroic), as in Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard or Sadie and Maud by Gwendolyn Brooks. -ABBA (known as envelope or enclosed), as in Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam or John Ciardis Most Like an Arch This Marriage. -AABA, the stanza of Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. refrain A phrase or line repeated at intervals within a poem, especially at the end of a stanza. See the refrain jump back, honey, jump back in Paul Lawrence Dunbars A Negro Love Song or return and return again in James Laughlins O Best of All Nights, Return and Return Again. Browse poems with a refrain. rhyme scheme A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyme between lines of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other. In other words, it is the pattern of end rhymes or lines. Bid me to weep, and I will weep While I have eyes to see; And having none, and yet I will keep A heart to weep for thee. rhyme royal A stanza of seven 10-syllable lines, rhyming ABABBCC, popularized by Geoffrey Chaucer and termed royal because his imitator, James I of Scotland, employed it in his own verse. In addition to Chaucers Troilus and Criseyde, see Sir Thomas Wyatts They flee from me and William Wordsworths Resolution and Independence. rhythm An audible pattern in verse established by the intervals between stressed syllables. Rhythm creates a pattern of yearning and expectation, of recurrence and difference, observes Edward Hirsch in his essay on rhythm, Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking. See also meter. rondeau Originating in France, a mainly octosyllabic poem consisting of between 10 and 15 lines and three stanzas. It has only two rhymes, with the opening words used twice as an unrhyming refrain at the end of the second and third stanzas. The 10-line version rhymes ABBAABc ABBAc (where the lower-case c stands for the refrain). The 15-line version often rhymes AABBA AABc AABAc. Geoffrey Chaucers Now welcome, summer at the close of The Parlement of Fowls is an example of a 13-line rondeau. A rondeau redoublà © consists of six quatrains using two rhymes. The first quatrain consists of four refrain lines that are used, in sequence, as the last lines of the next four quatrains, and a phrase from the first refrain is repeated as a tail at the end of the final stanza. See Dorothy Parkers Roudeau Redoublà © (and Scarcely Worth the Trouble at That). scansion The analysis of the metrical patterns of a poem by organizing its lines into feet of stressed and unstressed syllables and showing the major pauses, if any. Scansion also involves the classification of a poems stanza, structure, and rhyme scheme. sestet A six-line stanza, or the final six lines of a 14-line Italian or Petrarchan sonnet. sestina A complex French verse form, usually unrhymed, consisting of six stanzas of six lines each and a three-line envoy. The end words of the first stanza are repeated in a different order as end words in each of the subsequent five stanzas; the closing envoy contains all six words, two per line, placed in the middle and at the end of the three lines. The patterns of word repetition are as follows, with each number representing the final word of a line, and each row of numbers representing a stanza: 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 1 5 2 4 3 3 6 4 1 2 5 5 3 2 6 1 4 4 5 1 3 6 2 2 4 6 5 3 1 (6 2) (1 4) (5 3) See Algernon Charles Swinburnes The Complaint of Lisa, John Ashberys Farm Implements and Rutabagas in a Landscape, and David Ferrys The Guest Ellen at the Supper for Street People. Browse more sestinas. simile A comparison (see Metaphor) made with as, like, or than. In A Red, Red Rose, Robert Burns declares: O my Luve is like a red, red rose Thats newly sprung in June; O my Luve is like the melody Thats sweetly played in tune. What happens to a dream deferred? asks Langston Hughes in Harlem: Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet? sonnet A 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme originating in Italy and brought to England by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey in the 16th century. Literally a little song, the sonnet traditionally reflects upon a single sentiment, with a clarification or turn of thought in its concluding lines. spondee A metrical foot consisting of two accented syllables. An example of a spondaic word is hog-wild. Gerard Manley Hopkinss Pied Beauty is heavily spondaic: With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim; He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change: Praise him. sprung rhythm A metrical system devised by Gerard Manley Hopkins composed of one- to four-syllable feet that start with a stressed syllable. The spondee replaces the iamb as a dominant measure, and the number of unstressed syllables varies considerably from line to line (see also accentual verse). According to Hopkins, its intended effect was to reflect the dynamic quality and variations of common speech, in contrast to the monotony of iambic pentameter. His own poetry illustrates its use; though there have been few imitators, the spirit and principles of sprung rhythm influenced the rise of free verse in the early 20th century. stanza A grouping of lines separated from others in a poem. In modern free verse, the stanza, like a prose paragraph, can be used to mark a shift in mood, time, or thought. syllabic verse Poetry whose meter is determined by the total number of syllables per line, rather than the number of stresses. Marianne Moores poetry is mostly syllabic. Other examples include Thomas Nashes Adieu, farewell earths bliss and Dylan Thomass Poem in October. Browse more poems in syllabic verse. symbol Something in the world of the senses, including an action, that reveals or is a sign for something else, often abstract or otherworldly. A rose, for example, has long been considered a symbol of love and affection. Every word denotes, refers to, or labels something in the world, but a symbol (to which a word, of course, may point) has a concreteness not shared by language, and can point to something that transcends ordinary experience. Poets such as William Blake and W.B. Yeats often use symbols when they believe in- or seek- a transcendental (religious or spiritual) reality. A metaphor compares two or more things that are no more and no less real than anything else in the world. For a metaphor to be symbolic, one of its pair of elements must reveal something else transcendental. In To the Rose upon the Rood of Time, for instance, Yeatss image of the rose on the cross symbolizes the joining of flesh and spirit. As Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren write in their book Understanding Poetry (3rd ed., 1960),The symbol may be regarded as a metaphor from which the first term has been omitted. synecdoche A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole (for example, Ive got wheels for I have a car, or a description of a worker as a hired hand). It is related to metonymy. synesthesia A blending or intermingling of different senses in description. Light laughs the breeze in her castle of sunshine, writes Emily Dickinson. In her heavily synesthetic poem Aubade, Dame Edith Sitwell describes the dull blunt wooden stalactite / Of rain creaks, hardened by the light. In George Merediths Modern Love: I, a womans heart is made to drink the pale drug of silence. tautology A statement redundant in itself, such as free gift or The stars, O astral bodies! Also, a statement that is necessarily true- a circular argument- such as she is alive because she is living. tercet A poetic unit of three lines, rhymed or unrhymed. Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain rhymes AAA BBB; Ben Jonsons On Spies is a threes of poems in unrhymed tercets include Wallace Stevenss The Snow Man and David Wagoners For a Student Sleeping in a Poetry Workshop. tetrameter A line made up of four feet. See William Shakespeares Fear No More the Heat o the Sun or Channel Firing by Thomas Hardy. trimeter A line of three metrical feet. Percy Bysshe Shelleys To a Skylark employs trochaic trimeter in the first two lines of each stanza. See also Là ©onie Adamss The Mount. trochee A metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by an unaccented syllable. Examples of trochaic words include garden and highway. William Blake opens The Tyger with a predominantly trochaic line: Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright. Edgar Allan Poes The Raven is mainly trochaic. tone The attitude taken in or by a poem toward the subject and theme. verse As a mass noun, poetry in general; as a regular noun, a line of poetry. Typically used to refer to poetry that possesses more formal qualities. villanelle A French verse form consisting of five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas. These two refrain lines form the final couplet in the quatrain. See Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas, Elizabeth Bishops One Art, and Edwin Arlington Robinsons The House on the Hill. word order The syntactic arrangement of words in a sentence, clause, or phrase.